fore. If we are conftrained by fuperior Force or exceffive Perfuafion, to do or fuffer Evil of any kind, contrary to our Inclinations, this awakens fuch a fort of Averfion as we call Reluctance or Regret ; though Regret fometimes includes Sorrow and Repentance.

It may be just worth mentioning here, that when our Defires fet our active Powers on work to obtain the very fame Good, or the fame fort of Good which another defires and feeks, it is called Emulation. This is oftentimes a noble Principle of Virtue, and is far from that bafe and mifchievous Paffion of Envy, which has been too often confounded with it, or not fufficiently diftinguished.

As our Will to obtain fome abfent Good, joined with certain animal Commotions, is called Defire; fo this Defire reacheth alfo to Things which appear neceffary as Means to obtain this abfent Good: And in the fame manner our Averfion, Hope, Fear, Joy, and Sorrow, reach to all thofe Things which appear neceffary as Means to obtain the Good, or to avoid the Evil, as well as to the Good or Evil themselves. If a Man

knowingly

knowingly and fincerely defires to obtain Heaven, and avoid Hell, he will confequently defire and delight in proper Inftructions, divine Helps, religious Duties, Christian Converfations, &c. and he will have an Averfion to Sin, Temptation, Folly and Vanity.

There are feveral Objects of Defire in this World (and especially if the Defire be immoderate,) which give a distinct Name to the Paffion itself. Defire of the Pleasures of Senfe is called Senfuality: Defire of Honour, Power and Authority among Men, is called Ambition: Defire of Riches has been called Covetousness: Defire of Knowledge, Truth, Peace, Holinefs, and Heaven, have no proper Names made for them, or affixt to them, that I know of.

The Defire of Honour, Power and Riches, are ufually counted Vices, when they rife high, and especially when they are only confined to selfish Ends and Defigns: But when they have a Design of public Good, they may be virtuous and unblameable; for one may defire Riches, Honour, or Power, with a fincere Defign to do more Service to God and Man.

SECT.

SECT. X.

Hope and Fear.

THE fecond fet of Paffions which

arife from Love and Hatred, are Hope and Fear. As the abfent Good which is proposed to us, when it is merely poffible or attainable, raises our Defire, fo far as there is any Profpect of its being obtained, it awakens our Hope: But fo far as the Attainment of it is difficult or unlikely, it excites our Fear.

Here note, that the Paffions of Fear and Hope refer chiefly to fuch abfent Good as is not intirely in our own Power, but depends in fome measure on fomething without ourselves: For if it be entirely within our Power, why do we not feize and poffefs it? why do we hope or fear about it?

Note further, that Fear and Hope 'do mutually and reciprocally gain the Afcendency over each other, as the Attainment of the Good which we pursue appears more or less probable.

As the Acquifition of Good, fo the Avoidance of Evil awakens our Fear and Hope

Hope in the fame manner: If we may poffibly escape it, there is Hope; but if we may poffibly fuffer it, there is Fear. Thefe alfo reciprocally rife and fink, according to the Probability of the absent Evil coming upon us.

In this changeable State, Fear and Hope are not utterly excluded when the Good or Evil is present with us; for even when we poffefs Good, we may hope to preferve it, and fear to lofe it: And when Evil is come upon us, we may fear its Continuance, or hope for its Removal.

Our Fears and Hopes arife according to our Prospects and Dangers of the fu

ture.

When our Hope rifes to the highest Degree, it is called Confidence or Security; we are as it were fure of poffeffing the Good we defire: As, on the other Hand, when our Fear rises highest, and there is little Hope left, it turns into Defpondency; and when all Hope is banifhed, it becomes Despair.

When our Fear is very active and bufy in Fore-thought about the Evil feared, it is called Anxiety and Solicitude: When

we

we are afraid left fome other Perfon fhould prevent our Poffeffion or Enjoyment of the Good defired, it awakens in us Sufpicion and Jealoufy, which are very bufy and troublesome Paffions, and discover themselves by a perpetual uneafy Watchfulness, and a degree of Difplacence and Ill-will towards the Objects of them.

If the Enjoyment of the Good defired depend pretty much on ourselves, and on our own Conduct, and we are at a lofs what Means to make ufe of to obtain it, then our Hope is attended with Sufpence or Fluctuation of the Mind. When this is overcome, the Mind feels itself in a State of Refolution and Courage. The firft gives a Perplexity of Soul, the last gives Freedom.

If Fear be mingled with Surprife, or arife on a fudden to any violent degree, it gains the Name of Terror and Confternation. The highest degree of Averfion and Fear united, are called Horror.

When Fear fettles into a Habit, it maintains a most dreadful and infupportable Tyranny over the Mind, and makes Life itself a Burden.