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LEUTZE, Emanuel, 1816-68, Ger. historical painter.

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LEVER, Charles James, 1806-72, Ir. novel

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LEWES, George Henry, 1817-78, Eng. author; husband of " George Eliot.' LEYDEN, Lucas van, 1494-1533, Dutch painter.

LIEBIG, Justus von, Baron, 1803-73, Ger. chemist.

LINCOLN, Abraham, 1809-65, sixteenth president of the United States; with malice toward none, with charity to all;" born in Kentucky; removed to Indiana when eight years old; captain in the Black Hawk war, 1832; elected to the Illinois legislature, 1834; admitted to the bar, 1836, and removed to Springfield, Ill.; elected to Congress in 1846; Republican candidate for U. S. senator in 1854, his opponent being Stephen A. Douglas; nominated for the presidency and elected, 1860; re-elected, 1864, but assassinated April 14, 1865, by John Wilkes Booth; his death was universally deplored, for his wise administration of affairs during the civil war had won for him the regard of both factions of the bloody controversy.

LIND, Jenny (Mrs. Goldschmidt), 1821-87, Sw. vocalist.

LINNEUS, Charles, 1707-78, Sw. botanist, and greatest naturalist of modern times. LIPPI, Filippo, 1412-69, It. painter. Liszt, Franz, Abbe, 1811-85, Hungarian pianist.

LITTLETON (or Lyttleton), Sir Thomas, 1420?-81, Eng. jurist.

LIVINGSTON, Edward, 1764-1836, Am.

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LOUIS PHILIPPE, 1773-1850, king" of France; abdicated, 1848. Louvois, François Michel Letellier de, Marquis, 1641-91, Fr. statesman; caused revocation of the edict of Nantes.

LOVER, Samuel, 1797-1868, Ir. novelist. LOWELL, James Russell, 1819-91, Am. poet and critic.

LOYOLA, Ignatius de (Saint Ignatius), 14911566, Spanish founder of the Society of Jesus,. or Jesuits; entered the army at an early age;. crippled by a wound in 1520, he turned his: attention to religion; made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1523, and subsequently studied at the University of Paris, where he met Francis Xavier and James Lainez, in conjunction with whom, in 1543, he formed the society which has since become so celebrated. LUCANUS, Marcus Annæus, 38-65, Rom. epic poet. LUCIAN. 120 ?-. Gr. satirist. LUCILIUS, Caius, 148 ?-100? B. C., Rom. satiric poet.

LUCRETIUS (Titus Lucretius Carus), 95... B. C., Latin poet; greatest didactic poet and most profound of Latin authors.

LUTHER, Martin, 1483-1546, leader of the Protestant Reformation; born at Eisleben, Germany, the son of a miner; educated at the University of Erfurt, and in 1505 entered the Augustine convent at that place; ordained a priest, 1507; became professor of philosophy at Wittenberg, 1508; visited Rome, 1510; denounced the sale of indulgences, 1517; and became involved in numerous controversies; cited to appear before Leo X., he refused to ju- comply; burned the papal bull containing an order to destroy certain of his works, and denied the authority of the pope; excommunicated; enjoyed the support of the elector of Saxony; attended the Diet of Worms, convened for his trial, in 1521; laid aside his monastic dress in 1524, and married Catherine von Bora, an ex-nun, in 1525; enjoyed, during the latter part of his life, the greatest distinction from the princes of Germany.

LIVINGSTONE, David, 1817-73, Scot. explorer in Africa.

LIVY (Titus Livius), 59 B. C.-17 A. Rom. historian.

D.,

LOCKE, John, 1632-1704, Eng. philosopher, founded the sensational school of philosophy, claiming that all knowledge comes through the senses.

LOGAN, John Alexander, 1826-87, Am. Luther completed, in 1522, his translation of general and statesman.

LONGFELLOW, Henry Wadsworth, 1807-82, Am. poet.

LONGINUS, fl. third century, Gr. philosopher. Louis I. (le Debonnair), 778-840, emperor of the West and king of France; divided the empire among his sons; VI. (the Fat), 1078 ?1137, king of France; IX. (Saint), 1215-70, led a large army against the Saracens in 1248; defeated and taken prisoner in Egypt, but effected his ransom; led another crusade in 1270, but died the same year near Tunis; a wise ruler, and noted for many virtues.

the New Testament, and in 1534 that of the Old Testament; the central point of his theology is justification by faith.

LUXEMBOURG, François Henri de Montmorenci de, 1628-95, marshal of France. LYCURGUS, fl. 850 B. C., Spartan lawgiver.

LYELL, Sir George, 1797-1875, Scot. geologist.

MACAULAY, Thomas Babington, Baron, 1800-59, Eng. critic, poet, and essayist. MACBETH, .-1056?, king of Scotland.

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MACCHIAVELLI, Nicolo di Bernardo dei, 1469-1527, It. statesman and author; among his numerous writings are his " History of Florence" and "The Prince, the latter of which (not intended for publication, but for the private perusal of the Medici) has rendered the name Macchiavelli the synonym of perfidy. MCCLELLAN, George Brinton, 1826-85, Am. general; born in Philadelphia; graduate of West Point; served in the Mexican war, and in 1855 served on a commission sent by the government to make observations on the Crimean war; became chief engineer of the Illinois Central railroad in 1857; re-entered the army, 1861, taking command of the Federal troops in Western Virginia, and gained the victories of RichMountain and Cheat River; November, 1861, became commander of the armies of the United States; gained a victory at Fair Oaks, 1862, but was forced to relinquish the plan of reducing Richmond; superseded by Gen. Pope, but recalled, and defeated the Confederates under Lee at Antietam ; relieved of command about six weeks later; Democratic candidate for the presidency in 1864, and afterward elected governor of New Jersey.

MCCORMICK, Cyrus Hall, 1809-84, Am. inventor of reaping machine.

McCosн, James, 1811-1894, Scot. theologian in America.

MACDONALD, Sir John A., 1814-91, Canadian premier.

MCDOWELL, Irvin, 1818-85, Am. general. MACKENZIE, Morrell, Sir, 1837-92, Eng. physician.

MACMAHON, Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de, Duc de Magenta, 1808-93, marshal of France and president of the Fr. republic.

MACREADY, William Charles, 1793-1873, Eng. tragedian.

MADISON, James, 1751-1836, fourth president of the United States; born in Virginia; member of the Virginia legislature and delegate to the convention of 1787; joint author with Jay and Hamilton of the Federalist; Congress, 1789-97; secretary of state, 1801-9; president, 1809-17.

MANNING, Henry Edward, 1808-92, Eng. Catholic prelate and author; united with the Roman Catholic church in 1851; archbishop of Westminster, 1865; cardinal, 1877.

MANTEUFFEL, Edwin Hans Carl von, Baron, 1800-83, Prussian field-marshal.

MARAT, Jean Paul, 1744-93, Fr. Jacobin demagogue, assassinated by Charlotte Corday. MARCELLUS, Marcus Claudius, 268?-208 B. C., Rom. consul.

MARGARET (Semiramis of the North), 1353-1412, queen of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark.

MARGARET OF ANJOU, 1429-82, queen of Henry VI. of England.

MARGARET OF ANGOULEME, 1492-1549, queen of Navarre and author.

MARGARET OF AUSTRIA, 1480-1530, regent of the Netherlands.

MARGARET OF VALOIS, 1553-1615, queen of France.

MARIA DE' MEDICI, 1573-1642, queen of France.

MARIA LOUISA, 1791-1847, empress of France.

MARIA THERESA, 1717-80, empress of Austria and queen of Hungary and Bohemia. MARIE ANTOINETTE, 1755-93, wife of Louis XVI. of France; guillotined.

MARION, Francis, 1732-95, Am. Revolutionary general.

MARIUS, Caius, 157-86 B. C., Rom. genera! and consul.

MARLBOROUGH, John Churchill, Duke of, 1650-1722, Eng. commander; commanded the English forces in the Netherlands, 1689; commanded in Ireland, 1690; accused of treason, deposed and confined in the Tower, 1692; reinstated, 1696; commanded the allied armies in Holland, 1702; won the battle of Blenheim, 1704; Ramilles, 1706; Oudenarde, 1708: Malplaquet, 1709.

MARLOWE, Christopher, 1564-93, Eng. dramatist.

MARQUETTE, Jacques, 1637-75, Fr. missionary and discoverer; explored the Mississippi.

MARSHALL, John, 1755-1835, Am. jurist MAGELLAN, Fernando, 1470-1521, Port. and statesman; chief justice of the United navigator.

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States.

MARTEL, Charles, Duke of Austrasia (the Hammer), 694-741, conquered the Saracens in the great battle of Tours, or Poictiers, 732. MARTINEAU, Harriet, 1802-76, Eng. writer. MARX, Karl, 1818-83, Ger. socialist. MARY I. (bloody Mary), 1516-58, queen of England; married Philip II. of Spain; persecuted the Protestants.

MARY STUART, 1542-87, queen of Scots; daughter of James V. and Mary of Guise;

MENELEK, emperor (or negus) of Abyssinia; proclaimed March 12, 1889. MENNO SYMONS (Menno Simonis), 14961561, Frieslandic founder of the Mennonites. MERIMÉE, Prosper, 1803-70, Fr. novelist. MESMER, Friedrich Anton, 1733-1815, Ger. discoverer of mesmerism."

METELLUS, Quintus Cæcilius, fl. 100 B. C., Rom. general.

METTERNICH, Clemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar von, 1775-1859, Austrian statesman. MEYERBEER, Giacomo (Jakob Meyer-Beer), 1794-1864, Ger. composer.

educated in France, where she was married to the Dauphin in 1558, who the following year ascended the French throne as Francis II., but died childless, 1560; invited to the throne of Scotland, and married her cousin, Lord Darnley; suppressed, 1565, a revolt of the Protestants instigated by Queen Elizabeth; joined, 1566, a league to extirpate heresy, and, wearying of the arrogance and dissoluteness of Lord Darnley, bestowed her confidence on David Rizzio, an Italian musician, whose murder was instigated the same year by Mary's jealous husband; Lord Darnley was killed in 1567, and Queen Mary married the Earl of Bothwell the MICHAEL ANGELO (Michelangelo Buonasame year; public sentiment in Scotland rotti), 1475-1564, It. painter, sculptor, archiagainst her became so intense that she was com-tect, and poet; "the Dante of the arts; pelled to fly to England, where she was finally patronized by Lorenzo the Magnificent; inbeheaded on an unproved charge of conspiracy. vited to Rome by Pope Julius II., where he MASANIELLO, 1620-47, Neapolitan insur- designed the church of St. Peter; became gent leader. architect of that magnificent structure in 1546, and devoted the rest of his life almost exclusively to its completion.

MASSINGER, Philip, 1584-1640, Eng. drama

tist.

MATHER, Cotton, 1663-1728, Am. divine and writer, notorious for his persecution of witchcraft.

MATHEW, Theobald (Father Mathew), 17901856, Ir. Catholic priest, called "the Apostle of Temperance."

MAUPASSANT, de, Henri R. A. G., 1850-93, Fr. novelist.

MAURICE, 1521-53, elector of Saxony; Ger. general and Protestant leader.

MAURICE OF NASSAU, 1567-1625, Dutch warrior; prince of Orange.

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MILTIADES, fl. 500 B. C., Athenian commander; gained the great victory of Marathon. MILTON, John, 1608-74, poet of the Puritans; educated at Cambridge; passed several MAXIMILIAN (Ferdinand Maximilian Jo-years in travel; advocated the popular party, seph), 1832-67, archduke of Austria and emperor of Mexico; executed by the Mexicans. MAZARIN, Giulio, Cardinal, 1602-61, Fr. prime minister.

MAZEPPA, Ivan Stepanovitch, 1644-1709, Polish nobleman and hetman of the Cossacks; hero of Byron's poem.

MAZZINI, Giuseppe, 1807-72, It. patriot. MEADE, George Gordon, 1815-72, Am. general; won the battle of Gettysburg.

MEDICI, Alessandro de', 1510-37, first duke of Florence; assassinated.

MEDICI, Cosimo de' (the Great), 1519-74, first grand duke of Tuscany.

MEDICI, Lorenza de' (the Magnificent), 1448-92, prince of Florence; scholar and patron of literature and art.

MEISSONIER, Jean Louis Ernest, 1812-91, Fr. painter.

MELANCHTHON, Philipp, 1497-1560, Ger. reformer; leader of the Reformation after Luther's death.

MELIKOFF, Loris, 1824-88, Russian general.
MENDELSSOHN-BARTHOLDY. Felix, 1809-47,

Ger. composer.

opposing prelacy and the established church; wrote many political and controversial works in prose; was appointed in 1648 Latin secretary of the Council of State; in 1654 he had become entirely blind; his "Paradise Lost" was completed in 1655, and sold for £10, half of which was not to be paid until after the sale of 1,300 copies.

MINIE, Claude Etienne, 1810-79, Fr. inventor (Minie rifle).

MIRABEAU, Honoré Gabriel de Riquetti de, Comte, 1749-91, Fr. orator and statesman; entered the army in 1776; exiled and imprisoned for debt; separating from his wife, he eloped with a young woman in 1776, for which offense he was condemned to death; escaped, however, with four years' imprisonment; led a wandering life for several years, engaging in numerous intrigues; sent to Berlin on a secret mission in 1786, and elected to the States-General in 1789, and later to the National Assembly, of which he became president in 1791.

MITCHEL, Ormsby Macknight, 1810-62, Am. general and astronomer.

MITFORD, Mary Russell, 1786-1855, Am. authoress.

MITHRIDATES VI. (the Great), 132-63 B. C., king of Pontus.

MOHAMMED (or Mahomet), 569-632, conqueror and prophet, and founder of the Moslem religion, which threatened to subdue the Christian world; pretended, at the age of forty, to have received a revelation from Allah, and thenceforth devoted himself to the propagation of his new religion; previous to this time he had been an idolator; his new faith, which included the unity of God, was rejected at Mecca, where a conspiracy was formed against him, but was warmly embraced in Medina, to which place the prophet fled in 622; from this flight called the Hegira, the Mussulmans compute their time; after this event, Mohammed propagated the faith of Islam by the sword, gaining numerous victories, and spreading his religion over a large portion of Western Asia. MOLIÈRE (Jean Baptiste Poquelin), 1622-73, Fr. dramatist and actor; the French Shakespeare.

MOLTKE, Carl Bernhard Hellmuth von, Count, 1800-91, commander of the German armies in the Franco-German war; he planned the entire campaign.

MONK, George, Duke of Albemarle, 1608-70, Eng. general; restored the monarchy.

MONMOUTH, James Scott, Duke of, 1649?85, natural son of Charles II.; rebelled, but was defeated and executed.

MONTEZUMA II., 1480?-1520, last Aztec emperor of Mexico.

MONTFORT, Simon de, 1150?-1218, Norman crusader.

MONTFORT, Simon de, Earl of Leicester, 1200?-65, son of preceding; led the barons against Henry III.

MONTROSE, James Graham, Marquis of, 1612-50, Scot. general; executed. MOORE, Sir John, 1761-1809, Br. general; fell at Corunna.

MOORE, Thomas, 1779-1852, Ir. poet. MORALES, Luis, 1509-86, Sp. painter. MORE, Sir Thomas, 1480-1535, Eng. statesman and philosopher; educated at Oxford; entered Parliament, 1504; produced "History of Richard III.," 1513; " Utopia," 1516; became a great favorite of Henry VIII., who made him lord chancellor in 1530; being an ardent Catholic, he refused to sanction the divorce of Queen Catherine and resigned his office in 1532; imprisoned in 1534 for declining to take an oath acknowledging the validity of the king's marriage to Anne Boleyn, and executed the following year for denying the king's supremacy as head of the church.

MORRIS, George P., 1802-64, Am. journalist and poet.

MORRIS, Gouverneur, 1752-1816, Am. states

man.

MORRIS, Robert, 1734-1806, Am. statesman and financier.

MORRIS, William, 1834-96, Eng. poet. MONROE, James, 1758-1831, fifth president; MORSE, Samuel Finley Breese, 1791-1872, born in Virginia; captain in the war of 1812; Am. inventor of the magnetic telegraph; gradstudied law under Jefferson; Congress, 1783;uate of Yale College; studied painting in opposed the Constitution; governor of Virginia, 1799; envoy extraordinary to France, 1802; re-elected governor, 1811; appointed secretary of state same year by Madison; elected president, 1816, and re-elected 1820. MONTAGU, Lady Mary Wortley, 1690-1762, Eng. authoress.

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England, returning to America in 1832; constructed small recording electric telegraph in 1835; finally obtained aid from Congress in 1843, and constructed a line between Washington and Baltimore in 1844.

MORTIMER, Roger, Earl of March, 1287?1330, favorite of Isabella of England; executed.

MORTON, James Douglas, Earl of, 1530-81, regent of Scotland; executed as accessory to Darnley's murder.

MOSCHELES, Ignaz, 1794-1870, Ger. pianist and composer.

MOSES, 1570-1450 B. C., Hebrew lawgiver; led the Israelites out of Egypt.

MOTLEY, John Lothrop, 1814-77, Am. diplomatist and historian.

MOTT, Lucretia (née Coffin), 1793-1880, Am. social reformer.

MOULTRIE, William, 1731-1805, Am. Revolutionary general.

MOZART, Johann Chrysostomus Wolfgang Amadeus, 1756-1791, Ger. composer; composed short pieces at the age of six, and at

seven gave concerts in Paris and London; dis- | Eng. theologian; recognized leader of the tinguished for the universality of his genius; he gave artistic form to opera.

MÜHLENBERG, Henry Melchior, 1711-87, founder of the German Lutheran church in America.

High Church party until 1845, when he became a Catholic; appointed rector of Catholic University at Dublin, 1854, and made a cardinal by Pope Leo XIII. in 1879.

NEWTON, Sir Isaac, 1642-1727, Eng. phi

MÜHLENBERG, John Peter Gabriel, 1746-losopher; the son of a farmer; graduated at 1807, Am. general.

MUNCHAUSEN, Hieronymus Karl Friedrich von, Baron, 1720-97, Ger. soldier and romancist.

MURAT, Joachim, 1771-1815, Fr. marshal and king of Italy.

MURILLO, Bartolomé Esteban, 1618-82, Sp. painter; excelled as a colorist, and regarded as the greatest of the Spanish school.

Cambridge, 1665, about which time he invented the "method of fluxions," and discovered the laws of gravitation; discovered, 1668, that light is not homogeneous, but consists of rays of different refrangibility.

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NEY, Michel, Duke of Echlingen and Prince of the Moskwa, 1796-1815, Fr. marshal; the son of a cooper; entered the army at 18 as a private, and was gradually promoted; Napoleon called him the bravest of the brave,' and his titles were conferred upon him for his services at Echlingen, in 1805, and his victory at the battle of Borodino; commanded the NAPIER, Sir Charles James, 1782-1853, Eng. rear guard in the retreat from Moscow; degeneral in India.

MURRAY (or Moray), James Stuart, Earl of, 1533-70, regent of Scotland; opponent of Mary Stuart; assassinated.

feated by Bernadotte at Dennewitz, 1813;

NAPIER, John, 1550-1614, Scot. mathe- submitted to Louis XVIII. upon the abdicamatician.

tion of Napoleon, against whom he was sent

NAPIER, Sir William Francis Patrick, 1785- with an army in 1815, but united his army 1860, Br. general and writer.

NAPIER OF MAGDALA, Robert Cornelis Napier, Baron, 1810-76, Br. general. NEBUCHADNEZZAR, -561 B. C., Chaldean king of Babylon; conquered Jerusalem, Tyre, and Egypt. NECKER, Jacques, 1732-1804, Fr. statesman and financier; father of Mme. de Staël. NELSON, Horatio, Viscount, 1758-1805, the greatest of Britain's admirals; entered the navy at 13; post-captain, 1779; rear-admiral, 1797, his promotion having been earned by his share in the victory of St. Vincent; lost his right arm in an unsuccessful attack on Teneriffe; won the battle of the Nile in 1798, for which he was raised to the peerage as Baron Nelson of the Nile; became separated from his wife, owing to an infatuation with Lady Hamilton, which lasted until his death; created a viscount for the victory of the Baltic, where, being second in command, he disobeyed the orders directing him to retreat; fell at Trafalgar, where his fleet gained a decisive victory over the French and Spanish; his last words, Thank God, I have done my duty. NEPOS, Cornelius, fl. 5 B. C., Rom. historian.

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NERI, Filippo de, Saint (St. Philip Neri), 1515-95, It. founder of the Priests of the Oratory."

NESSELRODE, Charles Robert von, Count, 1780-1862, Russian diplomatist. NESTORIUS.

-440?, Syrian prelate; founder of the Nestorian schism. NEWMAN, John Henry, Cardinal, 1801-90,

with that of his old commander; had five horses shot under him at Waterloo, where he fought with his usual valor; was captured soon after, and shot on a charge of treason.

NIEBUHR, Barthold Georg, 1776-1831, Ger. historian.

NICOT, Jean, 1530-1600, Fr. scholar; introduced tobacco.

NORTH, Frederick, Lord, 1732-92, Eng. statesman.

NORTHCOTE, Sir Stafford Henry, 1818-87, Eng. statesman.

NOYES, George Rapall, 1798-1868, Am. theologian.

OATES, Titus, 1620-1705, Eng. informer;
contriver of the " Popish Plot."
OBERLIN, Jean Fréderic, 1740-1816, Fr.-
Ger. reformer and philanthropist.

O'CONNELL, Daniel, 1775-1847, Ir. patriot and orator; advocated Catholic emancipation, but opposed resort to arms; elected to Parliament, 1828, but not allowed to take his seat until 1829, when the bill for Catholic emancipation was passed;. gave up his law practice and gave his entire attention to public duties; began advocating the repeal of the union in 1840; was convicted in 1844 on a charge of treason, but sentence was reversed by the House of Lords.

OCCAM, William of (the Invincible Doctor), 1280?-1347, Eng. theologian. ODOACER,

executed.

-493, Gothic king of Italy;

OERSTED, Hans Christian, 1777-1851, Dan

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