battle by Ramirus, king of Spain, 844; empire of, ended 1417. Savoy.-Part of Gallia, Narbonensis, submitted to the Romans, B. C. 118; the Alemanni seized it in 395; the Franks, 496; it shared the revolutions of Switzerland till 1040, when Conrad, Emperor of Germany, gave it to Hubert with the title of earl; erected into a duchy, Sabines, The, were an important tribe of ancient Italy, allied to the Latins, Samnites, etc. Famous in Roman history as the people whose daughters were treacherously seized by the Romans at the Consualia or games in honor of the god Consus. A treaty of peace was concluded with the Sabines, 750 B. C. After frequent wars, the Sabines were finally defeated, 449 B. C., by M. Horatius, and were incorporated with Rome in the third century B. C. Salic Law, The, was the code of the Salian Franks, introduced into France (Gaul) by the Franks. It contained four hundred articles, chiefly concerning debt, theft, murder, and battery, the penalty in every case being a fine. The most famous article of the code is Title lxii. 6, according to which only males could succeed to the Salic land or lod, i. e. to the lands given for military service. In 1316, at the death of Louis le Hutin, the law was extended to the crown, and continued to be observed to the end of the monarchy. San Marino, in Italy, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea, is the oldest republic in the world. It is, next to Monaco, the smallest state in Europe. The exact date of the establishment of this republic is not known, but according to tradition it was in the fourth century, by Marinus, a Dalmatian_hermit, and has ever since remained independent. It is mountainons and contains four or five villages. The word "liberty" is inscribed on its Capitol. St. James's Palace is a large, inelegant brick structure, fronting towards Pall Mall. Originally a hospital dedicated to St. James, it was reconstructed and made a manor by Henry VIII., who also annexed to it a park. Here Queen Mary died, 1558; Charles I. slept here the night before his execution; and here Charles II., the Old Pretender, and George IV. were born. When Whitehall was burned, in 1697, St. James became the regular London residence of the British sovereigns, and it continued to be so till Queen Victoria's time. The Court of St. James is a frequent designation of the British Court. St. James Park lies southward from the Palace, and extends over fifty-eight acres. cipal industry, the state producing a larger amount of Sparta, built by Lacedæmon, B. C. 1490; kingdom of commenced under Euristhenes and Procles, B. C. 1102; ephori established at, 760. Straits of Babelmandeb, The, the passage from the Persian Gulf into the Red Sea, are called the Gate of Tears by the Arabs. The channel is only about twenty miles wide, is rocky and very dangerous for passage in rough weather. It received its melancholy name from the number of shipwrecks that occurred there. Surnames, first used among the nobility, 1200; many of the most common were taken by the Flemings who were naturalized in England about 1435. Sweden, anciently Scandinavia, kingdom of, began 481; united to the crown of Denmark and Norway from 1394 to 1525, when Gustavus Vasa expelled the Danes; Christianity introduced there 829; no nobility before 1500; popery abolished and the crown declared hereditary, 1544; the house of Vasa ascended the throne in 1523, and gave to Sweden the great Gustavus Adolphus; it was succeeded by the House of Deux-Ponts, which furnished the famous Charles XII.; in 1810 Marshal Bernadotte of France was chosen Crown Prince and ascended the throne as Charles John XIV. in 1818; the union with Norway took place in 1814. Switzerland, inhabited formerly by the Helvetii, who were subdued by Cæsar B. C. 57; became part of the kingdom of Burgundy, 888; the confederation was founded January 1, 1308; in 1803 Napoleon I. organized a new confederation composed of 19 cantons; this conbeing increased to 22; a new constitution was adopted in 1848. Saxons, The ancient, were pirates, and inhabited three small islands at the month of the Elbe, and some part of the shores of the Baltic; were invited to Eng-federation was modified in 1815, the number of cantons land, A. D. 449, by the Britons. Scotland, anciently Caledonia. History began, B. C. 328, when Fergus I. was sent over by the people of Ireland; accepted the Christian faith about 203; united under one monarchy by Kenneth II. and called Scotland, 838; divided into baronies, 1032; invaded by the King of Norway, near Loch Lomond, 1263; on the death of Alexander III. was disputed by twelve candidates, who submitted their claims to the arbitration of Edward I. of England, 1285, which gave him an opportunity to conquer it; recovered by the Scots, 1314; first General Assembly of the church held, December 20, 1560; United with England under the reign of James VI. of Scotland and James I. of England. Sealing of Writings.-First introduced into England, 1085. Sicily. First colonized from Italy, B. C. 1294; usurped by Agathocles, 317; Servile war began and continued three years, 135. Slave Trade, Abolition of, in England proposed in Parliament, 1789; abolished, 1807; abolished by France, Spain, and Holland, 1817; treaty concluded between Great Britain and Brazil for the abolition of, 1826. The importation of slaves into the United States prohibited after January 1, 1808; emancipation proclamation issued, 1863. Smyrna, built by the people of Cumæ, B. C. 1050; destroyed by an earthquake, 1040 A. D., and again, 1688; the chief commercial emporium of West Asia. South Carolina (Palmetto State).- First settlers, English, Ashley river, 1670. Ranks first in phosphates and rice; fifth in cotton; twentieth in population; twenty-eighth in miles of railway; thirtieth in wealth; thirty-seventh in square miles. Agriculture is the prin Tarpeian Rock, The, was so called from Tarpeia, daughter of Spurius Tarpeius, governor of the citadel on the Saturnian Hill of Rome. The story is that the Sabines bargained with the Roman maid to open the gates to them for the "ornaments on their arms." As they passed through the gates, they threw on her their shields saying, "These are the ornaments we bear on our arms." She was crushed to death, and buried on the Tarpeian Hill. Ever after, traitors were put to death by being hurled headlong from the hilltop. Tarquin. The last king of Rome, expelled B. C. 509. Tartary. The first ruler was Genghis Khan, 1206, whose descendants held the empire until 1582, when the Mongols revolted to the Manchew Tartars in China; the Eluths became a separate state about 1400. Taxes.- Originated from those levied by Solon at Athens, B. C. 540; the first paid in money in England were in 1067. Tea.- First brought into Europe by the Dutch East India Company, early in the seventeenth century; a quantity of it was brought from Holland by Lord Árlington and Lord Ossory, 1666; from this time it became universal; taxed in North America, 1770, Americans refused to receive it with the duty on, and threw a cargo of it into the sea at Boston, 1773. Texas (Lone Star State).-First settlement by the Spaniards, at San Antonio, 1692. Admitted to the Union, 1845. Ranks first in cattle and cotton and square miles; second in sugar, sheep, mules, and horses; sixth in miles of railway; seventh in milch cows; eighth in rice and hogs; eleventh in population; nineteenth in wealth. Stock raising is the leading industry, Texas | inces between the mouths of the Danube and the Cauranking first in this production. Agriculture extensively engages the attention of its inhabitants; corn, wheat, and the other cereals are raised in the northern part; sweet potatoes, sugar cane, tobacco, and tropical fruits in the southern part. Its commerce consists of exports of cotton, hides, and live stock. The state has vast resources that have not, as yet, been fully developed; an abundance of most valuable timber, large deposits of coal, iron, and salt, and other useful minerals. Teutones, The, were a German tribe, mentioned by Roman writers as inhabiting the northwest part of Germany north of the Elbe. In conjunction with the Cimbri, they invaded Gaul,103 B. C., destroying three Roman armies, and then proceeded to invade Italy; but the Teutones were defeated and almost annihilated by Marius at Aquæ Sextiæ, 102 B. C., and the Cimbri at Campus Raudius, near Verullæ, 101 B. C. Tennessee, settled at Fort Loudon, 1757, by the English. Agriculture is the most important industry, the staples being wheat, cotton, corn, hemp, and tobacco. In the production of tobacco, the state ranks third. The iron and coal interests are growing rapidly, and will prove one of the richest resources. The marbles of the state are esteemed for their color and variety. Immense numbers of swine and mules are raised in the state. The manufacturing industries are better developed than in any of the southern central states. A large internal commerce is carried on by means of the rivers and railroads of the state. casus in Europe, and those forming western Trans-Caucasia in Asia; the Greeks formed an independent state; Algiers was wrested from them by the French; the power of the Porte has nearly vanished from the provinces of Asia Minor, Arabia, and Egypt, and finally the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-78 has deprived the Porte of much of the territory in Europe. Tuileries, The, is the name of a garden and palace in Paris, built on the site of an ancient fabrique de tuiles. It was composed of three great pavilions, called the pavillon de Marsan (north), the pavillon de Flore (south), and the pavillon de l'Horloge (center). It was joined to the Louvre by Napoleon III. (1851-6). The land was bought by François I. in 1564, and the original palace was made for Catherine de Medicis after the design of Philibert Delorme. Tuscany, the ancient seat of the Etruscans, belonged to Germany till 1240. Tyre, a city of great antiquity, suffered destruction at an early period; rebuilt under Nimus; taken by Nebuchadnezzar after a siege of thirteen years; it became subject to the Romans, B. C. 64. Varangians, The, were the Norse vikings, who, in the ninth century laid the foundations of the Russian Theater, that of Bacchus at Athens, first ever erected, Empire. Many of them entered the service of the Bybuilt by Philos, B. C. 420; the ruins still exist; plays zantine emperors, and in the days of the Comneni the were opposed by the Puritans, 1633, and suspended till Varangians regularly formed the imperial bodyguard at 1660, when Charles II. licensed two companies; till this Constantinople. The Varangians at Constantinople were time boys performed women's parts; Sir William Dave-largely recruited by Anglo-Saxons and Danes from Engnant introduced operas, 1684. land after the Norman Conquest. Thebes, founded 1571 B. C.; citadel built by Cadmus, 1493; flourished as a republic, 820; destroyed by Alexander, with the slaughter of 120,000 persons, when he left only the house of Pindar, the poet, standing, 335; rebuilt by Cassander, B. C. 315. Thermopylæ, defended by Leonidas B. C. 480, during the invasion of Xerxes; Romans defeated Antiochus at, 191. Thrace, a considerable part of ancient Greece annexed to Macedon by Philip and Alexander about 355; conquered by the Romans, 168; Byzantium was its capital, on the ruins of which Constantinople was built; taken by the Turks, 1453. Tilts and Tournaments, instituted by Henry I. of Germany, 919; forbidden by the Council of Rheims, 1131; in fashion in England in the eleventh and twelfth centuries; abolished in France 1560, Henry II. having been killed in one. Tithes, first given by Moses to the tribe of Levi, B. C. 1490; established in France under Charlemagne; established by law by the Lateran Council, 1215. Tobacco Plant, found by the Spaniards in the peninsula of Yucatan, 1220; introduced into France by Nicot, 1560; first brought into England by Ralph Lane, 1583. Toulouse, France, founded about B. C. 615: a dreadful tribunal established there to extirpate heretics, 1229; dissolved 1242; the troubadours or rhetoricians of, had their origin about 1150, and consisted of a fraternity of poets whose art was extended throughout Europe and gave rise to the Italian and Spanish poetry. Trojan War commenced B. C. 1193. The kingdom of Troy began by Scamander, from Crete, B. C. 1546; city built, B. C. 1255; burned, B. C. 1184, when an end was put to the kingdom. Tunis and Tripoli, formerly the republic of Carthage. Carthage stood nearly where Tunis now stands. The former was besieged by Louis IX. of France, 1270; it remained under African kings till taken by Barbarossa under Solyman the Magnificent; Barbarossa was expelled by Charles V. but the country was recovered by the Turks under Selim II., since which it has been tributary to the Grand Seignior; it has long been a dependency of Turkey. Turkish Empire, founded about 998; at the end of the thirteenth century, Othman established the present empire in Asia Minor; in the fourteenth century they invaded Europe and in 1453 took Constantinople; the capture of Constantinople was followed by other important conquests, among which were Greece and Arabia; the glory of the empire culminated in the reign of Solyman the Magnificent, 1520-1566; after his death began the decline of the Ottoman empire; Austria expelled them from Hungary, Russia deprived them of the prov "Vaticanus Mons" is a hill at Rome, chiefly noted for its magnificent palace of the popes, the Vatican, with its superb gardens, its museums, celebrated library, and basilica of St. Peter. The palace was constructed in 498, but has often been enlarged. Valencia, conquered by the Moors under Abdallah Ciz, and lost by them, 1094; relinquished to the Moors again by the king of Castile; soon after taken again by James I. of Aragon, 1238, and with Aragon united with Spain, 1492; capitulated to the French January 9, 1812. Vandals, The, inhabited Germany and embraced Christianity, 400; began their kingdom in Spain, 411; invaded and conquered the Roman territories in Africa under Genseric, 430; sacked and pillaged Rome, 455. Vermont (Green Mountain State).-First settled by the English, Fort Dummer, 1764. Ranks fourth in copper; seventh in hops and buckwheat; twenty-sixth in wealth; thirty-second in population; fortieth in square miles; forty-first in miles of railway. The state is noted for its rich quarries of marble, soapstone, and slate, which are worked at several points. It is also noted as a good grazing country. The dairy products are extensive and valuable. Stock raising is carried on to a considerable extent. Vendome Column, The, in Paris was erected by Napoleon I. 1806, in the Place Vendôme, to commemorate his successful campaign in Germany; pulled down by the Communists 1871, but restored by the National Assembly, 1874. It is one hundred and thirty-two feet high, with a statue of Napoleon I. at the top. Venice. Originally inhabitated by the Veneti; conquered by the Gauls and made a kingdom about B. C. 356; conquered for the Romans by Marcellus, 221. The islands on which the city now stands began to be inhabited by Italians about 421; its university founded, 1592. Vesuvius, eruptions of, A. D. 79, 203, 272; ejected flames that were seen at Constantinople; obscured the sun at noonday, and ravaged all Campania; was in an active state of eruption upward of 35 times, between the years 472 and the present. Vienna, the capital of Austria-Hungary, was originally Vindobona of Upper Pannonia; afterwards capital of the east provinces of the empire of Charlemagne: besieged by the Turks in 1529, and again in 1683; the French took it in 1806 and in 1809; the Congress of Vienna, which fixed for a time the limits of the countries of Europe, was held here November, 1814, to June, 1815. Vikings, The, were the piratical Northmen who infested the coasts of the British Islands and of France in the eighth, ninth, and tenth centuries. This word is quite unconnected with "king," being derived from the Scandinavian vik, "a bay" (the same which appears in the names Lerwick, Berwick, etc.), and this class of marauders were so called because their ships put off from the bays and fiords. Visigoths, The, or Western Goths, were the descendants of that branch of the Gothic race established by Aurelian in Dacia (270). The descendants of the other branch of the race, which remained in Southern Russia, were called Ostrogoths (Eastern Goths). On the death of Theodosius, the Visigoths, under Alaric, overran Greece (396) and Italy (400). After Alaric's death (410) they established a kingdom at Toulouse (418) which eventually comprised the whole of Gaul south of the Loire and west of the Rhone, as well as Provence and the greater part of Spain. With the defeat (and death) of Alaric II. by Clovis, on the field of Vouglé (or Vouillé or Voclad) near Poitiers (507), the kingdom of Toulouse came to an end, and the Visigoths abandoned to the conqueror all their territories north of the Pyrenees, with the exception of a small tract of country in Gaul, including the cities of Carcassone, Narbonne, and Nimes. Virginia, first settled at Jamestown by the English, 1607. Ranks first in peanuts; second in tobacco; eighth in salt and iron ore; sixteenth in wealth. Agriculture is the leading industry; tobacco, wheat, corn, and potatoes being the great staples. The mineral resources are vast; the mountains containing rich deposits of coal and iron, valuable marble, slate, and stone quarries with important salt springs. Wales.-The first king was Edwawl, 690; it was conquered and divided by William I., 1091; Griffith, the last king, died 1137; the sovereign from that time forward was the prince; completely conquered and annexed to the crown of England, 1283. End, and, promising the abolition of villenage, induced them to return home. On June 15, he met the Kentish men at Smithfield, and in the parley Wat Tyler was killed by William Walworth, mayor of London, and others. The peasants were about to avenge his death, when Richard, with great presence of mind, rode forward alone, and induced them to follow him to Islington, when, a body of troops coming to the king's aid, and Richard being profuse of promises, they dispersed. Waterloo, Battle of, in which Napoleon with 69,000 men attacked a combined army of 89,000 English, Dutch, Belgian, and Hanoverian troops; a dreadful slaughter continued until four o'clock, when two Prussian corps of 30,000 and 40,000, under Bulow and Blucher, successively arrived, and, turning his right wing, the whole army fled in confusion at half past nine o'clock, June 18, 1815. West Virginia.-The first settlers were English, Wheeling, 1774. Agriculture is the leading industry, and the principal staples are tobacco, wheat, and corn. The mountain pastures are well adapted to stock raising. Its mineral resources are rich deposits of coal, iron, and numerous oil wells, and salt springs. Westminster Abbey, built by Sebert, king of Essex, on the spot where the Temple of Apollo had once stood; its monastery, consecrated by Edward the Confessor, 1065; rebuilt and consecrated, 1269; turned into a collegiate church, 1560. Wills are of a very high antiquity; Solon introduced them at Athens; there are many regulations respecting wills in the Koran; the Roman had this power; so had the native Mexican, so that it prevailed at least in three parts of the globe; lands were devisable by will before the conquest; privilege of making wills granted by Henry I. in 1100. Wisconsin (Badger State).- First settlement, by the Walloons, The, are the inhabitants of the southeastern division of Belgium, their country comprising the French, Green Bay, 1660. Admitted to the Union, 1848. provinces of Hainault, Namur, Liége, and Luxemburg, Ranks second in hops, third in barley and potatoes, with part of Brabant. The Walloons are Romanized fourth in rye and buckwheat, fifth in oats and agricul Gauls, lineal representatives of the ancient Belga, dis-tural implements, seventh in iron, steel, and wool, eighth tinguished from their Flemish (Teutonic) neighbors by in hay and milch cows, ninth in copper, tenth in wealth, their Romance language, their stronger physique, and eleventh in miles of railway, sixteenth in population, their darker complexion. The Walloon language, how- and twenty-third in square miles. The chief industry is ever, a strongly marked dialect of Northern France (the agriculture, with large crops of corn, wheat, oats, barLangue d'Oil), is now merely a provincial patois, French ley, hay, potatoes, and hops, as the staple productions. being the written standard and official language of the Live stock is largely raised. In the production of wool whole kingdom. and cheese it is among the leading states. The manufacturing interests are large and increasing. The great pine forests in abundance, and the most valuable timber, lead, iron, zinc, and marble mines are extensively worked. Lakes Michigan and Superior, and the Mississippi, afford great natural highways for commerce. Warsaw, after two days' hard fighting, capitulated and was taken possession of by the Russians, September 7, 1831. Washington ranks eighth in gold, seventeenth in square miles, forty-first in population, forty-second in miles of railway. Population, according to territorial census in 1885, 127,292; United States Census, 1890,349,390. First settlement, by Americans, at Astoria, 1811. Organized as a territory, 1853. Admitted to the Union, 1889. Wat Tyler's insurrection occurred November 5, 1380, a peasant's revolt, immediately due to the imposition of a poll-tax on all persons above fifteen. Almost the whole of the peasantry of the southern and eastern counties of England rose in arms, murdering and plundering, under the leadership of Wat Tyler, said to have been a soldier in the French wars. On June 12, 1381, they gathered on Blackheath. On June 14, Richard II., then å lad of fifteen, met the Essex contingent at Mile HISTORIC TREATIES. 843. Contract of Verdun. This treaty concluded the war between Lothar, Louis the German, and Charles the Bald, over their respective shares of the imperial dominions on the death of their father, Louis the Pious. 911. Treaty of St.-Clair-sur-Epte: concluded the war between the invading Norsemen under Rollo and the French king, Charles the Simple. 1122. Concordat of Worms: an agreement between the emperor and the pope, closing the long strife known as the war of investitures. 1183. Treaty of Constance: between the emperor, Fre-lerick Barbarossa, and the Lombard cities. 1360. Peace of Bretigny: a treaty that interrupted the Hundred Years' war between France and England. 1397. Union of Calmar: the treaty by which Denmark, Sweden, and Norway were united under Queen Margaret of Denmark. 1420. Treaty of Troyes: interrupted the Hundred Years' war on terms most favorable to England. 1435. Treaty of Arras: a compact between Burgundy and France. Witchcraft.-Six hundred condemned as wizards, and most of them burned in France, 1609; Grandier, parish priest of Loudan, burned on the supposition of having bewitched a whole convent of nuns, 1634; nine old women were burned at Kalish, in Poland, charged with having bewitched and rendered unfruitful the lands belonging to a gentleman in that palatinate; the last punished in England for witchcraft, was October 29, 1808. Wyoming.-Ranks ninth in square miles, twelfth in cattle, fourteenth in gold, sixteenth in coal, forty-fourth in miles of railway, forty-sixth in population. First settlement, by Amer cans, 1867. Organized as a territory, 1868. Admitted to the Union in 1890. 1466. Treaty of Thorn: settled the terms of the Polish conquest of West Prussia. 1482. Treaty of Arras: settled the dispute between Louis XI. of France, and Maximilian of Austria. 1493. Bull of Pope Alexander VI.: arranged the conflicting claims of Spain and Portugal to newly discov ered lands. 1508. League of Cambray: a union formed by Louis XII. of France and the Emperor Maximilian, which the pope and others were invited to join. 1526. Treaty of Madrid: formed between Charles V. of Germany and Francis I. of France. 1529. Treaty of Cambray: between Francis I. and Charles V. 1544. Treaty of Crespy: concluded the fourth and last war between Francis I. and Charles V. 1579. Union of Utrecht: laid the foundations of the Dutch Republic. 1648. Peace of Westphalia: concluded the Thirty Years' War. 1659. Peace of the Pyrenees: closed the long war between France and Spain. 1660. Treaty of Copenhagen: between Denmark and Sweden. 1667. Treaty of Breda: between England and Holland. 1668. Triple Alliance: between England, Holland, and Sweden to defend Spain against Louis XIV. 1668. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle: between France and Spain. 1668. Treaty of Lisbon: between Spain and Portugal through the mediation of England. 1678. Peace of Nymwegen: ended the Dutch war. 1697. Peace of Ryswick: closed the war between France under Louis XIV. and the principal states of Europe - called the War of the Palatinate. 1699. Peace of Carlowitz: between Turkey on the one hand and the Emperor of Germany, the King of Poland, and the republic of Venice on the other. 1713-14. Treaties of Utrecht, Rastadt, and Baden: concluded between the states taking part in the war of the Spanish succession. 1717. Triple Alliance: between Great Britain, France, and Holland. 1718-19. Quadruple Alliance: between Great Britain, France, Holland, and the emperor against the aggressions of Spain. 1718. Peace of Passarowitz: between the sultan and emperor. 1721. Peace of Nystadt: between Sweden and Russia. 1738. Treaty of Vienna: between France and Germany. 1742. Peace of Breslau: between Frederick II. of Prussia and Maria Theresa of Austria. 1748. Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle: between Great Britain, France, and Holland; Austria, Spain, Sardinia, Genoa, and Modena being accessories. 1761. The Family Compact: between the Bourbon rulers of France and Spain. 1763. Peace of Paris: terminated the Seven Years' war, known in United States history as the French and Indian war. 1772. First Partition of Poland: executed by Russia, Austria, and Prussia. 1774. Peace of Kutchuk-Kainardji: between Russia and Turkey. 1783. Treaty of Paris: in which Great Britain acknowledged the independence of the North American colonies. 1783. Treaty of Versailles: between Great Britain, France, and Spain. 1792. First Coalition against France: involved all the powers except Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark, Tuscany, Venice, and Genoa. 1795. Peace of Basel: between France and Prussia. 1795. Jay Treaty: between the United States and Great Britain. 1797. Treaty of Tolentino: between the French republic and the pope. 1797. Treaty of Campo Formio: between Napoleon and the emperor of Germany. 1798. Second Coalition against France: initiated by Russia; afterward comprised England, Austria, Naples, Portugal, and Turkey. 1802. Peace of Amiens: between Great Britain on the one hand, and France, Spain, and the Batavian republic on the other. 1803. Treaty between France and the United States: touching the purchase of Louisiana. 1805. Peace of Pressburg: between Austria and France. 1807. Treaties of Tilsit: concluded between France, Prussia, and Russia. 1809. Treaty of Schönbrunn: between France and Austria. 1814. First Peace of Paris: between France and the principal European powers; after the defeat of Napofeon at Leipzig. 1814. Treaty of Ghent: between the United States and Great Britain. 1815. Congress of Vienna: attended by the principal European powers. 1815. Second Peace of Paris: between France and the allies after the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo. 1815. Holy Alliance: formed at Paris between the monarchs of Russia, Austria, and Prussia. 1818. Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle: participated in by Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and France. 1827. Treaty of London: between Great Britain, Russia, and France, to put an end to the war between Turkey and Greece. 1829. Treaty of Adrianople: between Russia and Turkey. 1840. Quadruple Treaty of London: between Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia on the one hand and Turkey on the other, touching Mehemet Ali of Egypt. 1842. Treaty of Nanking: concluded the so-called opium war between Great Britain and China. 1842. Ashburton Treaty: signed at Washington to define the northeastern boundary between the United States and British North America. 1848. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: between the United States and Mexico. 1854. Treaty between the United States and Japan: negotiated by Commodore Perry. 1856. Treaty of Paris: after the Crimean war. 1858. Treaties of Tientsin: between China and each of the four nations, Great Britain, France, Russia, and United States. 1859. Peace of Zurich; settled the dispute between France and Sardinia on the one hand and Austria on the other. 1864. Peace of Vienna: concluded the war between Austria, Prussia, and Denmark, growing out of the Schleswig-Holstein question. 1865. Convention of Gastein: a compact between Prussia and Austria. 1866. Peace of Prague: concluded the war between Prussia and Austria. 1871. Treaty of Frankfort: between France and Germany. 1871. Treaty of Washington: to adjust the Alabama claims. 1878. Treaty of San Stefano supplemented by the Congress of Berlin: closed the Russo-Turkish war. 1879. Triple Alliance: between Austria, Germany, and Italy. 1895. Treaty of Shimonoseki: concluded the war between China and Japan. 1898. Treaty of Paris: concluded the Spanish-Ameri can war. |