gate, 10,266. Chancellorsville, May 1-4, 1863, killed, 1,665; wounded, 9,081; captured and missing, 2,018; aggregate, 12,764. Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863, killed, 2,592; wounded, 12,706; captured and missing, 5,150; aggregate, 20,448. Chickamauga, September 19-20, 1863; killed, 2,268; wounded, 13,613; captured and missing, 1,090; aggregate, 16,971. 66 Gettysburg was the greatest battle of the war; Antietam the bloodiest. The largest army was assembled by the Confederates at the seven days' fight; by the Unionists at the Wilderness.' THE GREAT BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR. September 17, 1862... September 19,20, 1863... June 1-4, 1864. December 11-14, 1862... August 28-30, 1862. April 6-7, 1862. December 31, 1862.. June 15-19, 1864.. * Wounded in these and the following returns includes mortally wounded. † Not including South Mountain or Crampton's Gap. Including Chantilly, Rappahannock, Bristol Station, and Bull Run Bridge. § Including Knob Gap and losses on January 1 and 2, 1863. Secession and Readmission of Con- $7,500 (with the exception of the one in South Carolina.. Mississippi.. Alabama Florida.. Georgia Louisiana Texas.. Virginia.. Arkansas. ..Dec. 20, 1860....June 11, 1868 .Jan. 9, 1861.... Feb. 3, 1870 Jan. 11, 1861.... June 11, 1868 Jan. 19, 1861.... April 20, 1870 .Jan, 26, 1861....June 11, 1868 Feb. 1, 1861.... Mar. 15, 1870 April 16, 1861....Jan. 15, 1870 May 6, 1861...June 20, 1868 . May 21, 1861....June 11, 1868 June 24, 1861....July, 1866 The whole number of men obtained by draft was 168,649. The whole number of colored troops obtained was 186,097. The greatest number in active service in the army at any one time was 797,807. Jan. 11, 1861.... June 11, 1868 North Carolina. The Diplomatic Service. The diplomatic service of the United States, all of which is in charge of the Secretary of State, consists of Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary, Ministers Resident, Charges d'Affaires, Consuls-General, Consuls and Commercial Agents. Bolivia, $5,000, and the one in Liberia, $4,000), and are in the Argentine Republic, Belgium, Colombia, Hawaiian Islands, Hayti, the Netherlands, Sweden and Norway, Turkey and Venezuela. Charges d'Affaires have $5,000 a year, and are in Denmark, Portugal, SwitZerland, Uruguay, and Paraguay. There are five Consuls-General in British dominions, at Calcutta, Melbourne, London, Halifax, and Montreal; two in Germany, at Berlin and Frankfort; two in Turkey, at Cairo and Constantinople; and one each in Paris, Vienna, Rome, St. Petersburg, Bucharest, Bangkok, Shanghai, Kanagawa, and MexTheir salaries range from $2,000 to $6,000. There are the following ranks of consulates: Five at $6,000 a year; two at $5,000; one at $4,500; six at $4,000; eight at $3,500; twenty-one at $3,000; sixteen at $2,500; thirty-seven at $2,000; forty-seven at $1,500; and twenty at $1,000. All consuls receiving a fixed salary pay into the treasury all fees received by virtue of their office. But there are many consuls and agents whose only compensation comes from fees. Such officers are usually allowed to go ico. The highest class of ministers are those sent to France, Germany, Great Britain, and Russia; they are paid $17,500 per year. The second class ($12,000 a year) are sent to Austria, Hungary, Brazil, China, Italy, Japan, into business. Mexico, and Spain. The third class ($10,000 Mason and Dixon's Line.- A name a year) go to Chile, Peru, and the Central given to the southern boundary line of the American States. Ministers Resident receive free state of Pennsylvania which formerly Cleopatra's needles were not erected by that queen, neither do they commemorate any event in her history. They were set up by Rameses the Great. separated it from the slave states of Maryland Curious Misnomers.- Arabic figures and Virginia. It was run with the excep- were not invented by the Arabs, but the early tion of about twenty-two miles by Charles scholars of India. Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two English mathematicians and surveyors, between Nov. 15, 1763, and Dec. 26, 1767. During the excited debate in Congress, in 1820, on the question of excluding slavery from Missouri, the eccentric John Randolph of Roanoke made great use of this phrase, which was caught up and re-echoed by every newspaper in the land, and thus gained a celebrity which it still retains. Many of the great men of history have been rather small in stature. Napoleon was only about 5 ft. 4 in., while Grant was 5 ft. 7 in. One of the greatest of American statesmen, Alexander H. Stephens, never excelled 115 pounds in weight, and in his old age his weight was less than 100 pounds. The Jerusalem artichoke has no connection whatever with the holy city of the Jews. It is a species of sunflower, and gets its name from girasole, one of the scientific names of that genus of plants. The word "pen means a feather, and is from the Latin penna, a wing. Surely the expression "a steel pen" could be improved upon. Galvanized iron is not galvanized at all, but is coated with zinc by being plunged into a bath of that metal and muriatic acid. Pompey's pillar at Alexandria was neither erected by Pompey nor to his memory. Common salt is not a salt and has long since been excluded from the class of bodies denominated salts." straw, but from a pithy plant called tungtsua, Rice paper is not made from either rice or found in China, Corea, and Japan. in Brazil. It is strips from a species of Cuban Brazil grass neither comes from nor grows palm. Rare United States Coins and their The more notable human mites are named Value. The rarest of the Half-cents are as below: follows: 1793 valued at $1: 1796 valued at Place of $10; 1831, 1836, 1840 to 1849, and 1852, valBirth. ued at $4. Warsaw. Summer Heat in Various Countries. -The following figures show the extreme summer heat in the various countries of the world: Bengal and the African desert, 150° Fahrenheit; Senegal and Guadaloupe, 130°; Persia, 125°; Calcutta and Central America, 120°; Afghanistan and the Arabian desert, 110°; Cape of Good Hope and Utah, 105°; Greece, 104°; Arabia, 103; Montreal, 103°; New York, 102°; Spain, India, China, Jamaica, 100°; Sierra Leone, 94°; France, Denmark, St. Petersburg, Shanghai, the Burman Empire, Buenos Ayres, and the Sandwich Islands, 90°; Great Britain, Siam, and Peru, 85°; Portugal, Pekin, and Natal, 80°; Siberia, 77°; Australia and Scotland, 75°; Italy, Venezuela, and Madeira, 73°; Prussia and New Zealand, 70°; Switzerland and Hungary, 66°; Bavaria, Sweden, Tasmania, and Moscow, 65°; Patagonia and the Falkland Isles, 55°; Iceland, 45°; Nova Zembla, 34°. The rarest of the Cents are as follows: 1793 with wreath is valued at $2.50; 1793 with chain valued at $3.50; 1793 with liberty cap, valued at $4; 1799 valued at $25; 1804 valued at $200; 1809 valued at $1. The rarest of the Silver Dollars are as follows: 1794 valued at $35; 1798, with small eagle, valued at $2; 1799, with five stars facing, valued at $2; 1804 valued at $800; 1836 valued at $5; 1838 valued at $25; 1839 valued at $15; 1851 valued at $20; 1852 valued at $25; 1854 valued at $6; 1855 valued at $5; 1856 valued at $2; 1858 valued at $20. The rarest of the Silver Half Dollars are as follows: 1794 valued at $5; 1796 valued at $40; 1797 valued at $30; 1801 valued at $2; 1802 valued at $2; 1815 valued at $4; 1836 reeded, valued at $3; 1838 Orleans, valued at $5; 1852 valued at $3; 1853, no arrows, valued at $15. The rarest of the Silver Quarter Dollars are as follows: 1796 valued at $3; 1804 valued at $3; 1823 valued at $50; 1853, no arrows, valued at $4. The rarest of the Silver Twenty-cent pieces are as follows: 1874 proof, valued at $10; 1877 Englanders; and afterwards the New Englandproof, valued at $2; 1878 proof, valued at $2. ers, saying that the British troops had been The rarest of the Silver Dimes, or Ten-cent made to dance to "Yankee-Doodle," adopted pieces, are as follows: 1796 valued at $3; 1797, the air. 16 stars, valued at $4; 1797, 13 stars, valued at $4.50; 1798 valued at $2; 1800 valued at $4; 1801 to 1804, each valued at $3; 1804 valued at $5; 1805 to 1811, each valued at 50 cents; 1811 valued at 75 cents; 1822 valued at $3; 1846 valued at $1. The rarest of the Silver Half-Dimes, or Fivecent pieces, are as follows: 1794 valued at $3; 1795 valued at 75 cents; 1796 and 1797 valued at $2 each; 1800 valued at 75 cents; 1801 valued at $1.50; 1802 valued at $50; 1803 valued at $1.50; 1805 valued at $3; 1846 valued at $1. Yankee, Origin of the Name.- The theories which have been advanced as to the origin of this name are numerous. According to Thierny it was a corruption of Jankin, a diminutive of John, which was a nickname given by the Dutch colonists of New York to their neighbors in the Connecticut settlements. In a history of the American war, written by Dr. William Gordon, and published in 1789, was another theory. Dr. Gordon said that it was a cant word in Cambridge, Mass., as early as 1713, used to denote especial excellence — as a Yankee good horse, Yankee good cider, etc. He supposed that it was originally a byword in the college, and, being taken by the students into parts of the country, gradually obtained general currency in New England, and at length came to be taken up in other parts of the country, and applied to New Englanders as a term of slight reproach. Aubury, an English writer, says that it is derived from a Cherokee word eankke-which signifies coward and slave. This epithet was bestowed on the inhabitants of New England by the VirPounds. ginians for not assisting them in a war with about 150 the Cherokees. The most probable theory; 163 however, is that advanced by Mr. Heckewelder, 169 that the Indians, in endeavoring to pronounce 180 the word English, or Anglais, made it Yengees, or Yangees, and this originated the term. The rarest of the Silver Three-cent pieces are as follows: 1851 to 1855 valued at 15 cents each; 1855 valued at 25 cents; 1856 to 1862 valued at 15 cents each; 1863 to 1873 valued at 50 cents each. Feminine Height and Weight. It is often asked how heavy a woman ought to be in proportion to her height. A very young girl may becomingly be thinner than a matron, but the following table gives a fair indication of proper proportions: Five ft. one inch 106 113 Five ft. seven in., 119 144 66 155 66 66 176 186 WHERE Paris Five ft. ten inches " Five ft. eleven in. Six feet Six feet one inch 46 Great Financial Panics.- The most remarkable crises since the beginning of the present century have been as follows: 1814, England, two hundred and forty banks suspended; 1825, Manchester, failures two mil- HELD. lions; 1831, Calcutta, failures fifteen millions; 1837, United States, "Wild-cat" crisis, all London... banks closed; 1839, Bank of England saved by Bank of France; severe also in France, where ninety-three companies failed for six millions; 1844, England, state loans to merchants, Paris Bank of England reformed; 1847, England, failures twenty millions, discount thirteen per cent.; 1857, United States, 7,200 houses failed for one hundred and eleven millions; 1866, London, Overend-Gurney crisis, failures exceeded one hundred millions; 1869, Black Friday in New York (Wall street), September 24. Yankee-Doodle. The air known as "Yankee-Doodle was originally 66 NankeeDoodle," and is as old as the time of Cromwell. It was known in New England before the Revolution, and is said to have been played by the English troops in derisive allusion to the then popular nickname of the New Vienna Paris Sydney Fisheries Ex- Exhib itors. Visi tors.t Days Open. 13,937 6,039,195 141 $1,780,000 20,839 5,162,330 200, 644,100 28,653 6,211,103 171 1,614,260 50,226 8,805,969 217 2,103,675 50,000 6,740,500 186 1,032,385 1855 242 40 60 1878 60 30,864 10,164,489 159 3,813,724 40,366 16,032,725 194 2,531,650 1879 1880 1,330,279 210 Health Exhi- 13 1889 5,748,379 161 566,330 55,000 28,149,353 185 8,300,000 27,539,521 184 14,000,000 * Buildings and covered structures. The largest number of visitors in any one day was 400,000 in Paris, and 716,881 in Chicago. Receipts for admission. A horse runs 20 Steam The Average Velocities of Various Bodies. A man walks 3 miles per hour or 4 feet per second. A horse trots 7 miles per hour or 10 feet per second. miles per hour or 29 feet per second. boat runs 20 miles per hour or 26 feet per second. Sailing vessel runs 10 miles per hour or 14 feet per second. Rapid rivers flow 3 miles per hour or 4 feet per second. A moderate wind blows 7 miles per hour or 10 feet per second. A storm moves 36 miles per hour or 52 feet per second. A hurricane moves 80 miles per hour or 117 feet per second. A rifle ball moves 1,000 miles per hour or 1,466 feet per second. Sound, 743 miles per hour or 1,142 feet per second. Light, 192,000 miles per second. Electricity, 288,000 miles per second. Table of the Principal Alloys.-A combination of copper and tin makes bath metal. A combination of copper and zinc makes bell metal. A combination of tin and copper makes bronze metal. A combination of tin, antimony, copper, and bismuth makes britannia metal. A combination of tin and copper makes cannon metal. A combination of copper and zinc makes Dutch gold. A combination of copper, nickel, and zinc, with sometimes a little iron and tin, makes German silver. A combination of gold and copper makes standard gold. A combination of gold, copper, and silver makes old standard gold. A combination of tin and copper makes gun metal. A combination of copper and zinc makes mosaic gold. A combination of tin and lead makes pewter. A combination of lead and a little arsenic makes sheet metal. A combination of silver and copper makes standard silver. A combination of tin and lead makes solder. A combination of lead and antimony makes type metal. A combination of copper and arsenic makes white copper. How to Mix Printing Inks and Paints in the Preparation of Tints. The first named color always predominates. Mixing dark green and purple makes bottle green. Mixing white and medium yellow makes buff tint. Mixing red, black, and blue makes dark brown, Mixing bronze, blue, lemon yellow, and black makes dark green. Mixing, white, medium yellow, and black makes drab tint. Mixing white, lake, and lemon yellow makes flesh tint. Mixing lemon yellow and bronze blue makes grass green. Mixing white and black makes gray tint. Mixing white and purple makes lavender tint. Mixing red, black, and medium yellow makes maroon. Mixing lake and purple makes magenta. Mixing medium yellow and purple makes olive green. Mixing medium yellow and red makes orange. Mixing white, ultramarine blue, and black makes pearl tint. Mixing white and lake makes pink. Mixing ultramarine blue and lake makes purple. Mixing orange, lake, and purple makes russet. Mixing medium yellow, red, and white makes sienna. Mixing white and ultramarine blue makes sky blue. Mixing ultramarine blue, black, and white makes slate. Mixing vermilion and black makes Turkey red. Mixing white, yellow, red, and black makes umber. Durability of Different Woods.Experiments have been lately made by driving sticks, made of different woods, each two feet long and one and one half inches square, into the ground, only one half an inch projecting outward. It was found that in five years all those made of oak, elm, ash, fir, soft mahogany, and nearly every variety of pine, were totally rotten. Larch, hard pine, and teak wood were decayed on the outside only, while acacia, with the exception of being also slightly attacked on the exterior, was otherwise sound. Hard mahogany and cedar of Lebanon were in tolerably good condition; but only Virginia cedar was found as good as when put in the ground. This is of some importance to builders, showing what woods should be avoided, and what others used by preference in underground work. The durability of wood when kept dry is very great, as beams still exist which are known to be nearly 1,100 years old. Piles driven by the Romans prior to the Christian era have been examined of late, and found to be perfectly sound after an immersion of nearly 2,000 years. The wood of some tools will last longer than the metals, as in spades, hoes, and plows. In other tools the wood is first gone, as in wagons, Such wood machines. wheelbarrows, and should be painted or oiled; the paint not only TENACITY OF METALS. looks well, but preserves the wood; petroleum A wire, 0.84 of a line in diameter, will sustain weights oil is as good as any other. Tin.. zinc Hard wood stumps decay in five or six Lead. years; spruce stumps decay in about the same time; hemlock stumps in eight to nine years; cedar, eight to nine years; pine stumps, never. Cedar, oak, yellow pine, and chestnut are the most durable woods in dry places. Zinc as follows: 28 lbs. 35 44 Silver. 7.03 Lead... 187 lbs. 2744 302 ** 549" 8.22 9.51 ..10.3 Timber intended for posts is rendered almost proof against rot by thorough seasoning, char- Mode of Execution in Every Country. ring, and immersion in hot coal tar. Country. Fifteen cantons..Sword Two cantons...... Guillotine.. Massachusetts).... Gallows. Ten cents.. Twenty cents. $950 Sixty cents... 9,504 Seventy cents.. 19,006 Eighty cents.. $57,024 than New York and 66,528 76,032 Thirty cents. 28,512 Ninety cents.. 85,537 New York and Mass. Electricity 95,208 .Private. ..Public. Public. Public. Private. Mostly Private. Private. • Capital punishment abolished in 1876. Great Fires and Conflagrations.— London, September 2-6, 1666.-Eighty-nine churches, many public buildings, and 13,200 houses destroyed; 400 streets laid waste, 200,000 persons homeless. The ruins covered 436 acres. New York, Dec. 16, 1835.-600 buildings; loss, $20,000,000. Sep. 6, 1839.-$10,000,000 worth of property. Pittsburg, April 10, 1845.-1,000 buildings; loss, $6,000,000. Philadelphia, July 9, 1850.-350 buildings; 122.50 loss, $1,500,000; 25 persons killed; 9 drowned; 112.00 120 wounded. 36.00 28.00 St. Louis, May 4, 1851.- Large portion of 18.80 the city burned; loss, $15,000,000. 8.00 4.50 $68,600.00 10 780.00 Rubidium. 9,800.00 Thorium 8,330.00 Glucinium 5,800.00 Calcium. 4,900.00 Lanthanum. 4,900.00 Iridium Lithium.. 4,900.00 Tungsten. Indium.. 4,410.00 Tantalum Yttrium. Didymium Strontium. Arium. Erbium. 3,675.00 Ruthenium. 2,695.00 Niobium.. Rhodium. 2,450.00 Barium.. Titanium.. 1,102.00 Copper Zirconium.. 1,040.00 Antimony. .16 Osmium. 1,040.00 Uranium. Palladium.. 560.00 Cadmium.. Manganese. 2,450.00 Arsenic. Aluminium.. Zinc.. Santiago (Spain), Dec. 8, 1863.— A fire in 25 the church of the Campania, beginning amid combustible ornaments; 2,000 persons killed, 11 mostly women. .25 .08 Charleston, S. C., Feb. 17, 1865.- Almost |