st+ful+ness or st+y or st+i+ly or st+i+ness or st+ worthy; mis+tru+st or st+ful.

Wit, wis, from witan, to know.

Wit; to wit; wit+less or less +ness or ling; wit(t)+y or i+ly or i+ness or i+c+ism; wis(e); wis(e) +ly; wis +dom.

To the Teacher and the Pupil.-To illustrate the employment of words formed from roots, we give below a few extracts from modern authors. Almost all of the words in italics are analyzed in the preceding pages; the few not found there the pupil can now resolve without help from us.

Direction.-Resolve into their elements the words italicized below, naming each root and the prefixes and suffixes in combination with it, and give the meaning of the compounds.

"He finds that very many of the native monosyllables are mere determinatives, particles, auxiliaries, and relatives; and he can hardly fail to infer that all the intellectual part of our speech, all that concerns our highest spiritual and temporal interests, is of alien birth, and that only the merest machinery of grammar has been derived from a native source. Further study would teach him that he had overrated the importance and relative amount of the foreign ingredients; that many of our seemingly insignificant and barbarous consonantal monosyllables are pregnant with the mightiest thoughts and alive with the deepest feeling; that the language of the purposes and the affections, of the will and of the heart, is genuine English-born; that the dialect of the market and the fireside is Anglo-Saxon; that the vocabulary of the most impressive and effective pulpit orators has been almost wholly drawn from the same pure source; that the advocate who would convince the technical judge or dazzle and confuse the jury speaks Latin; while he who would touch the better sensibilities of his audience or rouse the multitude to vigorous action chooses his words from the native speech of our ancient fatherland; that the domestic tongue is the language of passion and persuasion; the foreign, of authority or of rhetoric and debate; that we may not only frame single sentences, but

speak for hours, without employing a single imported word; and finally that we possess the entire volume of revelation in the truest, clearest, aptest form in which human ingenuity has made it accessible to modern man, and yet with a vocabulary wherein, saving proper names and terms not in their nature translatable, scarce seven words in the hundred are derived from any foreign source.”—George P. Marsh.

"Lord Brougham's opinion, that 'the Saxon part of our English idiom is to be favored at the expense of that part which has so happily coalesced from the Latin and Greek,' he puts aside as resembling that restraint which some metrical writers have imposed upon themselves of writing a long copy of verses from which some particular letter, or from each line of which some different letter, should be carefully excluded.' From various causes he himself makes an excessive use of Latinized phraseology.

His sentences are stately, elaborate, and crowded with qualifying clauses and parenthetical allusions to a degree unparalleled among modern writers. He maintained, and justly, that ‘stateliness the most elaborate, in an absolute sense, is no fault at all, though it may be so in relation to a given subject, or to any subject under given circumstances.' Whether in his own practice he always conforms to circumstances is a question that must be left to individual taste. There is a certain stateliness in his sentences under almost all circumstances—a stateliness arising from his habitual use of periodic suspensions.

Explicitness of connection is the chief merit of De Quincey's paragraphs. He cannot be said to observe any other principle. He is carried into violations of all the other rules by his inveterate habit of digression. Often, upon a mere casual suggestion, he branches off into a digression of several pages, sometimes even digressing from the subject of his first digression.

The melody of De Quincey's prose is pre-eminently rich and stately. He takes rank with Milton as one of our greatest masters of stately cadence, as well as of sublime composition. If one may trust one's ear for a general impression, Milton's melody is sweeter and more varied; but for magnificent effects, at least in prose, the palm must probably be assigned to De Quincey. In some of his grandest passages the language can be compared only to the swell and crash of an orchestra." - William Minto.

"Now, the word controversy, in its popular or its professional use, does

not, I think, apply exclusively to civil disputes. It seems rather to have a wider and more flexible signification than the word case, which certainly includes criminal accusations. Judicial controversies are disputes, disagreements, differences between parties, respecting their legal rights and wrongs, wherein one controverts what the other alleges, and which are put in a form for judicial determination. If the Constitution had intended by the term cases to include civil and criminal proceedings, it would have employed some qualifying and explanatory epithet or expression to convey that limitation of the sense. There is no such broad and recognized difference of signification between the words, standing alone, as to warrant the belief that the Constitution, distinguished always for its perspicuous, simple, and popular phraseology, could have expected or intended that they would be understood in so fine, far-sought, and yet so momentous, a diversity of signification.

Presuming that they may be more exposed, somewhat, to be disturbed and darkened by sympathy with local passion and excitation, with the pride and anger and short-lived and circumscribed emotions that convulse a state without sending a pulsation beyond its borders; presuming that they may be, by possibility, less profoundly impressed with the responsibilities attendant upon bringing on, by a judicial decision, a war which their State would not have to sustain and which the nation would; proceeding upon the obvious principle of common sense and common justice, that the government which must answer, by its treasure and its blood, for a verdict or a judgment, ought to have the right to give the verdict and render the judgment—upon this policy, and on these reasons, it was that the Constitution has enabled Congress to withdraw from the State courts and give to yours the ultimate determination of this kind of case."-Rufus Choate.

"Those who have had little experience in voluminous reading, pursued for weeks, would scarcely imagine how much of downright physical exhaustion is produced by what is technically called the periodic style of writing. It is not the length, the paralytic flux of words; it is not even the cumbrous involution of parts within parts, separately considered, that bears so heavily upon the attention. It is the suspense, the holding-on, of the mind until what is called the apodosis, or coming round, of the sentence commences; this it is which wears out the faculty of attention. A sentence, for example, begins with a series of ifs;

perhaps a dozen lines are occupied with expanding the conditions under which something is affirmed or denied. Here you cannot dismiss and have done with the ideas as you go along; all is hypothetic, all is suspended in air. The conditions are not fully to be understood until you are acquainted with the dependency; you must give a separate attention to each clause of this complex hypothesis; and yet, having done that, you have done nothing at all; for you must exercise a reacting attention through the corresponding latter section, in order to follow out its relations to all parts of the hypothesis which sustained it. In fact, under the rude, yet also artificial, character of newspaper style, each separate monster period is a vast arch, which, not receiving its keystone, not being locked into self-supporting cohesion, until you nearly reach its close, imposes, of necessity, upon the unhappy reader all the onus of its ponderous weight through the main process of its construction. The continued repetition of so Atlantean an effort soon overwhelms the patience of any reader, and establishes at length that habitual feeling which causes him to shrink from the speculations of journalists, or to adopt a worse habit than absolute neglect, which we shall notice immediately."-Thomas De Quincey.

"A nearer approach to exact retribution is certainly found in the remaining sanction-the favor and disfavor of mankind. The spectators of our conduct, morally constituted like ourselves, and looking at it from an impartial point of view, seem likely to be affected by it truly, and to judge it as would our own uncorrupted conscience; so that their sentiment may be expected to rectify the distortions of our own, and place us under the rule of perfect equity. How little this abstract statement corresponds with the facts of individual experience is obvious on the slightest reflection. It is true only under conditions that cannot be realized; viz., that some of our contemporaries have faultless moral insight and judgment; that our actions are performed in no presence but theirs; and that we are dependent for our peace of mind on their approval. Wherever such conditions prevail, there must already be a moral consensus so complete that the very need could scarce arise for compressing the individual conscience into coincidence with the social; and the court of public opinion, if opened, would only find an empty calendar. It is no such ideal tribunal before which we are actually brought. The critics who think it worth while to pronounce upon our behavior are immediate neighbors, be they friends or

enemies; and they alone it is whose feelings towards us constitute an important element in our well-being; if we can stand well with them, why should we trouble ourselves about imaginary observers, whose applause is inaudible, and whose frowns we never see? What, then, is the law by which a man's associates will judge him? The average standard of purity, of disinterestedness, of elevation, on which they have tacitly settled as contenting them; everything allowed by this will be held permissible; everything transcending it will be held eccentric ; and whether he drops below or rises above the established line, he will equally feel the smart of social persecution."-James Martineau.