Instead of which in relative clauses, when and where and wherein and whereby and whereof and whereto and whereon are used. We add that who, which, and that are very often omitted when, if used, they would stand in the objective. Particularly is this true of which and that.

The work we have accomplished is the proper commentary of the methods we have pursued.-Tyndall. There's not a joy the world can give like that it takes away.-Byron.

Macaulay is the only writer we have found who uniformly inserts the relative.

Again, we may say that, unlike that, the pronoun which may relate to a whole clause. This office of which has been scouted by those critics who try to impose a grammar upon authors rather than take their own from authors. But very many illustrations can be given.

The sails turned, the corn was ground, after which the wind ceased.Tyndall. Unless Spenser's publisher . . is not to be trusted, which of course is possible.-Church. If he had not kissed the keeper's daughter, which is far from improbable.-Dowden. He [the Saxon] is wanting in taste, which is as much as to say that he has no sense of proportion.-Lowell. And, which became him like a prince indeed, he made a blushing 'cital of himself.—Shakespeare. The particulars of the controversy have not reached us, which is ever to be lamented.Irving.

Lastly, which may relate to the gist of a clause or the assertive part of it.

The person takes in hand the regulation of his own morality, which it is hardly safe for any one to do.-Hamerton. He ought to come to church, which he never does.-Kingsley. They are wasting time, to do which elegantly . . . is the highest achievement of civilization. -Lowell.

XXIII. Some of the Adjective Pronouns.-We select a few,

only those concerning the proper use of which there is still a question.

1. Some.-Some (Anglo-Saxon sum) at first meant a certain. This meaning it still has in somebody and something. But it came early in English to denote a vague number or quantity-some people, some water, some are aged.

Some in the sense of about may precede numerals. Shakespeare abounds in this use of it; it may be found twice in a single Scene, the second, of Act II., of Julius Cæsar. It is perfectly good Anglo-Saxon as well. Upon this use of sume, the critics described above have served an injunction; but usage disregards the injunction.

And vile it were for some three suns to store and hoard myself.— Tennyson. Enduring some ninety years.-Milne. Some four persons in the length and breadth of London.-Newman. Thus came the jocund spring in Killingworth, in fabulous days some hundred years ago.-Longfellow. A baby of some three months.-Hawthorne. Of books but few—some fifty score for daily use.-Holmes.

We could give, from the best authors of the day, numberless examples of this use of some.

2. Both and All.-Ordinarily, these are adjectives, and belong to some noun or pronoun. But, in spite of the interdict of the critics, they may be followed by of and an objective.

Both of us are wooing gales of festal happiness.-De Quincey. All of the dialects of our branch.- Whitney. Both of them were notorious for their loyalty; both of them were of unspotted virtue; both of them have left a reputation.-Buckle. Both of the girls have plenty of . . . humor.-Thackeray. They were both of them fertile and active thinkers.-J. S. Mill. We are all of us imaginative.-George Eliot.

Such sentences abound.

3. One.-One (Anglo-Saxon an) is (1) a numeral adjective-One God, one law, one element; (2) a definite adjective-One evening after the sheep were folded; is used (3) instead of a substantive-Our contract is an old one, The Holy one; and (4) as an indefinite adjective pronoun. It is of one with this function-that of on in French, of man in German and in Anglo-Saxon, that of body in, If a body meet a body, it is of this one that we shall first speak. These sentences illustrate this use of it.

One cannot always be studying one's own work.-Matthew Arnold. It does not consist in buying what one needs for one's own comfort or pleasure.-R. G. White. Much as one is dazzled by Choate's marvelous command of diction, still one cannot avoid thinking of his style in the reading.-Phelps. One can be happy with many little désagréments when one sees that the people are determined to be civil to one. -Thackeray.

Where, as in this last quotation, the iteration of one may offend, a personal pronoun may be used instead. This substitution is proscribed by the critics described above, but usage allows it.

It is a good sign to have one's feet grow cold when he is writing.. -Holmes. One feels as if he could eat grass himself.-Burroughs. The higher one is elevated on the see-saw balance of fortune, the lower must be his subsequent depression.—Irving. One is arrived, one is at

his ancient lodging of the Hotel Bristol.-Thackeray.

As seen above, one may take the apostrophe in the possessive.

It is one in the third use described above, its use as a substantive, that takes the plural ones. This plural is exceedingly common, though condemned by many who are ignorant of what usage approves or regardless of it.

These early years we know were busy ones.-Church. The female

figures stand out in the canvas almost as prominently as the male ones. -Lecky. Concrete ideas must precede abstract ones.—Marsh.

4. The One-The Other.-So far as we know, there is no question as to which of two things previously mentioned each of these phrases refers to. The one, like the former, points to the first; and the other, like the latter, to the second.

David Deans opened his business, and told down the cash; Dumbiedikes steadily inclined his ear to the one, and counted the other with great accuracy.-Scott. It were better to have no opinion of God at all than such an opinion as is unworthy of him; for the one is unbelief, the other is contumely.-Bacon. Turn from Walter Scott to Byron. The one is healthy in feeling and expression, the other is cold, bitter, and satirical.-Hadley.

But usage is not quite uniform.

From our data we should

say that the slips are nearly one in ten.

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5. Any One Else's or Any One's Else.—Any, no, and some may combine with one or body and be followed by else. When such combinations are made in the possessive, where shall the 's be placed? We are assured that it is “better grammar and more euphonious to consider else as an adjective;" and are enjoined by the dogmatizing critics, either to avoid the combination or "to form the possessive by adding the apostrophe and s to the word that else qualifies." We have as yet found but four instances of the form recommended.

This is as much Sir William Hamilton's opinion as any one's else— J. S. Mill.

We have seen it once in Hudson and twice in Miss Cummins's Lamplighter. But over against these four we can array more than forty in which else receives the 's.

My happiness is no more desirable than anybody else's.- Martineau. Beyond anybody else's son in Middlemarch.-George Eliot. One of

those that just go right on, do their own work and everybody else's.— Holmes. The secret was his own and no one else's.-Kingsley. Certainly not! nor any one else's ropes.-Ruskin.

Besides these authors we may instance Howells, Black, Thackeray, and many others; and such papers and monthlies as "The Tribune," "The Christian Union," "Harper's Monthly," "The Century," and "The Atlantic."

6. Each and Every.-These pronouns, like the rest, are from the Anglo-Saxon. They are distributive, and call attention to the individuals forming a collection. Mason says, "When each is used, the prominent idea is that of the subdivision of the collection into its component parts; when every is used, the prominent idea is, that the individuals taken together make up some whole."

7. Each Other and One Another. The critics with one voice cry out that we must use each other only when two things are mentioned, and that with more than two things we must employ one another.

We may use each other and one another as they insist. About this there is no dispute, but there is no peremptory must compelling this. The best of authors employ these two phrases interchangeably, especially making each other do duty where these censors prescribe one another. Many use only one of them. We did not, at any rate, find each other in our three hundred pages of Stedman, or of Huxley; we did not find one another in the same number of pages in R. G. White, Hamerton, Warner, Everett, Lowell, or Motley; but each uses his favorite phrase alike when speaking of two and of more than two.

here are four.

Out of possible hundreds of illustrations,

The three modes of shaping a proposition, distinct as they are from each other, follow each other in natural sequence.-Newman. Mankind