a fugitive called Robert Marcum, that had lived five years among those northerly natives." Montapass probably was an Englishman who had taken an Indian name on fleeing to the woods, as Bozman thinks. Namenacus "cunningly answered by excuses." Wamanato was thought by Pory guiltless of this falsehood, and tokens were exchanged with him after a short dialogue, in which Pory asked him if he desired to be great and rich. "He answered they were things all men aspired unto, which I told him he should be, if he would follow my counsel." Wamanato secured the return of some stolen articles, interchanged presents with the Englishmen, and gave them a guide, "that he called brother, to conduct us up the river."

On the way up stream, the expedition met with several that told them of Marcum. They found the country very hot, though it was in October, and the corn already gathered, before that had been done at Jamestown. On the river, at Assacomico, an unidentified place, the chief Cassatowap appeared. He had formerly quarrelled with Savage but now seemed reconciled, and with another werowance went on the boat towards Mattapanient, on the south side of the Patuxent near its mouth. There they persuaded the Virginians to disembark "upon the point of a thicket." Fearing treachery, Pory soon returned to his boat, and before he had gone far from the shore, "a multitude of savages sallied out of the wood with all the ill words and signs of hostility they could." Desiring to convert the Indians by courtesy, the Virginians set the werowances at liberty, finding them "very civil and subtile," and sailed away to the eastern shore.

Patowmack Town, or Patowmeke," was visited by Captain. Argall in 1610, in a time of great scarcity in Virginia, to trade for corn, which he obtained from "those kind savages" through the good offices of Henry Spilman, a young Englishman whose life had been preserved by Pocahontas's kindness. From that time on, trade with the aborigines on the Potomac was no uncommon thing," and in 1622 Captains Raleigh, Crashaw and Ralph Hamor joined the Potomac chief in an attack on his enemies, the Nacochtanks, who were seated on the Maryland side. of the river in what is now Prince George's County, just below the eastern branch. The English and their native allies, after

a long skirmish, killed eighteen of the Nacochtanks, drove the rest out of their town, Moyaonies, which they plundered, took away what booty they wanted, and "spoiled the rest." Later in the year, Captain Madison, with two vessels, went up the river to the site of this town, and in a subsequent expedition massacred a number of the Potomacs in their town.

In the twenty-two years which elapsed between the settlement of Jamestown and that of Kent Island, there were doubtless many such expeditions whose record is lost, by which contact between Indians and Europeans an extensive trade in furs developed, and the geography of the Chesapeake Bay became well understood. It was no unknown country that was settled, when Claiborne and Baltimore planned their colonies.

An expedition to the western shore was made by Fleet and Claiborne, between May and July, 1632. Passing Yaocomoco, where St. Mary's City was to be, Fleet came to the Nacostines, or Anacostians, near the site of the city of Washington. These Indians were hostile to the Powhatans and were protected by the Massawomeks, or Iroquois. Thence Fleet sent his brother with two trusty Indians seven days' journey to the north, to some of the Iroquois settlements, to open trade there. The terminus of Fleet's voyage was a point six miles below the great falls of the Potomac, a place "without all question the most pleasant and healthful place in all this country and most convenient for habitation; the air temperate in summer and not violent in winter." He praises the abundance of fish, deer, buffaloes, bears, and turkeys.

"The Relation of 1635" tells of a difficulty with the Indians in 1634. Some Susquehannocks and Wicomesses met at Kent, or Monoponson, Island to trade. The tribes were enemies, and one of the Susquehannocks injured a Wicomesse, "whereat some of Claiborne's people laughed." The Wicomesses, feeling that they were injured and despised, laid an ambush for the Susquehannocks on their return and killed five of them, and then killed three of the Kent Islanders and some of their cattle. About two months later, the Wicomesses sent a messenger to Leonard Calvert "to excuse the fact and to offer satisfaction" for the harm that was done to the English. A Patuxent Indian came with

the messenger as an intermediary, and the deed was excused as a hasty deed of some of the young men, for which the whole tribe should not be held accountable. Calvert accused the Wicomesses of a second injury attempted since upon some of Baltimore's people, and demanded that the perpetrators of the outrage be delivered to him for punishment, the plunder also being restored. The Wicomesse said that their custom was to redeem the life of a man that is slain with one hundreds arms' lengths of roanoke and the Marylanders, being strangers, should conform to the custom of the country. Calvert repeated his demand and dismissed the Indian, but we have no record that the tribe made redress.

In the early narratives of the Maryland settlers are interesting accounts of the aborigines who dwelt on the shores of that great bay which has well been said to be almost as much a river as a bay, just as some of its estuaries are almost as much bays as rivers. Like a centipede, its arms thrust themselves far into the land on either side, and on their shores dwelt the barbarous people whom the English people of the Province found. Father White called them "very proper and tall men," by nature swarthy but much more by art, painting themselves with colors in oil a dark red, especially about the head, which they do to keep away the gnats, wherein I confess there is more ease than honesty." They had almost beardless faces, on which they drew "long lines with colors from the sides of their mouth to their ears." Sometimes the whole face was painted "with great variety and in ghastly manner," for example "blue from the nose downward and red upward." Their black hair was worn diversely. Some, like Smith's Susquehannock werowance, cut that on half of the head short, but most wore it long, brought up in a knot at the left ear, or at both ears, and then tied with a "string of wampumpeake or roanoke." The caucorouses, or great men, wore a fish of copper on their foreheads. About their necks, both sexes wore beads, or a necklace of hawks' bills, eagles' talons, the teeth of beasts or a pair of great eagle wings. Their clothing was of mantles made of deer skins and other furs, below which was worn by adults "a perizomata or round apron" around the loins. The children often ran about entirely naked,

Their weapons were bows and arrows. The latter were "an ell long, feathered with turkeys' feathers and headed with points of deers' horns, pieces of glass, or flints, which they make fast with an excellent glue." With these arrows, though the bow was weak and could "shoot level but a little way," the Indians of the Potomac caught partridges, deer, turkeys and squirrels, and achieved such skill that Father White saw them "kill, at twenty yards' distance, little birds of the bigness of sparrows." They practised by "casting up small sticks into the air and meeting them with an arrow before they came to ground." In wars, tomahawks were also used. Their houses, or witchotts, were built in an half oval form, from twenty to one hundred feet long, about twelve feet broad, and nine or ten feet high, with an opening half a yard square in the top to let in the light and "let forth the smoke, for they built their fire after the manner of ancient halls in England, in the middle of the house, about which they lie to sleep upon mats spread on a low scaffold half a yard from ground." The houses were covered with platted mats or bark of trees and were clustered in villages. The people were hospitable and of a "grave comportment and silent." At meals each man was served in a separate wooden dish, in which was placed his portion of the common feast. Their diet was corn-pone and hominy, with fish, fowl and venison at times. Father White found them "very temperate from wines and hot waters and will hardly taste them, save those whom our English have corrupted." (Alas! in Maryland, as everywhere, the coming of Europeans brought drunkenness).

The natives' chastity was equal to their temperance. After two months' experience with them, Father White wrote: "I never saw any action in man or woman tending so much as to levity, and yet the poor souls are daily with us." The kings and great men had separate cabins, containing a bed of skins well dressed, set on boards with four stakes into the ground. The tribes were governed by customs, which were administered by the werowance or chief, assisted by his council or wisoes. Succession to the chiefship went to his sons in turn and then to the sons of his daughters, "for they hold that the issue of the daughters hath more of his blood in them than the issue of his

sons." The youths obeyed the elders and all obeyed the caucorouses, or war captains, "but the werowance himself plants corn, makes his own bow and arrows, his canoe, his mantle, shoes, and whatever else belongs to him, as any other common Indian, and, commonly, the commanders are the best and most ingenious and active in all those things which are in esteem among them."

Polygamy and divorce were lawful, but the wives all kept "the rigour of conjugal faith to their husbands." The women's "very aspect was modest and grave'and they were so noble that they would receive no favor without making return. They "stand constantly to their resolution." Father White did well to cry out: "If these were once Christian, they would doubtless be a virtuous and renowned nation." They seemed to him to desire "civil life and Christian apparel," and he thought the greed of traders was the only thing which kept them from possessing the latter. The women served their husbands, making bread, dressing meat and fish, making mats for beds and covering of the houses, as well as baskets of rushes, and very handsome baskets of silk grass.

The settlers thought they saw traces that the Potomac Indians acknowledged one God of Heaven, but that their chief worship was to please an Okee, or evil spirit. The Indians had a tradition of Noah's flood, and of a future life of reward to the good and punishment to the evil. A ceremony is described which took place in the matchcomaco, or place of counsel, of the Patuxents and was seen by some English traders. A great fire was built, and about stood the youth from all the towns, their elders being behind them. A little deer suet was cast into the fire and all lifted their hands to heaven, crying: "Taho, taho!" Then a great bag of tobacco and a large pipe were brought forth and carried about the fire, a youth following "with great variety of gesture of body," and uttering the same cry. The pipe was then filled and passed around, each one breathing his smoke upon the limbs of his own body, as if "to sanctify them to the service of their god."

Alsop," who wrote of the Susquehannocks nearly thirty years later, calls them "the most noble and heroic nation of Indians that dwell upon the Continent of America," and like Smith, was