Internal Communications. Egypt has a railway system of a total length of 1,109 miles, 165 miles double and 944 single. The length of the lines working in 1889 was 956 miles. An extension of the railway system is proposed to be carried out in 1890, and the construction of a new bridge across the Nile. Gross receipts in 1889, £E1,301,529. Gross expenditure, 1889, £E585,000. Passengers carried, 1888, 3,610,367; goods carried, 11,397,901 okes. The telegraphs belonging to the Egyptian Government were, at the end of 1888, of a total length of 3,172 miles, the length of the wire being 5,423 miles. The Government have also established telephone communication between Cairo and Alexandria, and have given concessions to a telephone company for urban telephone lines. The Eastern Telegraph Company, also by concessions, have telegraph lines across Egypt from Alexandria via Cairo to Suez, and from Port Said to Suez, connecting their cables to England and India. Number of telegrams in 1888, 666,869. The Egyptian Post Office carried 8,174,000 inland and 4,742,000 foreign letters during the year 1887, being a joint increase of 211,000 on 1886. Thirty-one per cent. of the foreign correspondence was with Great Britain. The parcels post carried the same year 130,676 parcels, of which 20,832 were foreign. The number of post-offices at the end of 1888 was 171. During the year 1887 the Post Office transported in specie 11,486,095, against 10,926,2967. during the previous year. Money, Weights, and Measures. The money, weights, and measures of Egypt are- A thorough reform was effected of the Egyptian silver coinage during 1885 and 1886. Previously the coins of nearly all the countries of Europe were freely used, but now foreign silver cannot be passed except at a heavy discount. By a decree of the former Khedive, dated August 1, 1875, the metrical system of weights and measures was ordered to be introduced into Egypt on the 1st of January, 1876, compulsory only at first in all public and administrative transactions. DRY MEASURE. The Ardeb is used as the unit in all transactions in grain, &c., and is equal to 5.44046 bushels. The approximate weight of the ardeb is as follows:-Wheat, 315 rottles; beans, 320 rottles; barley, 250 rottles; maize, 315 rottles; cotton seed, 270. Feddan, the unit of measure for land, is equal to 1·03808 acre. Square Pic.-This measure is generally used for the measuring of building sites, gardens, and other small plots of ground, and is equal to about 6.05 square feet. Diplomatic and Consular Representatives. Cairo.-Her Majesty's Agent and Consul-General in Egypt, Minister Plenipotentiary.-Sir Evelyn Baring, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., K.C.S.I., C.I.E. Secretary.-Gerald H. Portal, C.B. Alexandria.-Sir Charles Cookson, K.C.M.G., C.B., Consul and Judge. There are also Consular representatives at Cairo, Massowah, Zag-a-Zig, Damietta, Port Said, Suez, Suakin. Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Egypt. 1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Le Commerce extérieur de l'Egypte, 1882-1888. Alexandria, 1889. Convention between the Governments of Great Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary, France, Italy, Russia, and Turkey, relative to the Finance of Egypt, signed at London, March 18, 1885. London, 1885. Correspondence respecting the State Domains of Egypt. London, 1883. Correspondence respecting the Mixed Courts and Judicial Reforms in Egypt. London, 1884. Correspondence respecting the Finances of Egypt. London, 1884. Further Correspondence on the Affairs of Egypt. (Egypt, Nos. 1 and 17.) London, 1885. Report on the Financial Situation of Egypt, dated June 28, 1884. London, 1884. Correspondence respecting the proposed International Convention for securing the free Navigation of the Suez Canal. London, 1888. Correspondence respecting the Settlement of the Claims of the ex-Khedive Ismaïl Pasha and his Family. London, 1888. Despatch from Lord Dufferin forwarding the Decree constituting the new Political Institutions of Egypt. London, 1883. La réforme monétaire en Egypte. Cairo, 1886. Le Canal de Suez. Paris, published every ten days. Rencensement général de l'Egypte. Tomes 1 et 2. Le Caire, 1885. Reports by Sir H. Drummond Wolff on the Administration of Egypt. London, 1887. Reports by Mr. Villiers Stuart, M.P., respecting Reorganisation of Egypt. London, 1883. Report on the Egyptian Provinces of the Soudan, Red Sea, and Equator. Compiled in the Intelligence Branch of the Quartermaster-General's Department, Horse Guards, War Office. London, 1884. Report on the Soudan, by Lieut.-Colonel Stewart. London, 1883. Reports on the State of Egypt and the Progress of Administrative Reforms. London, 1885. Reports on the Trade of Alexandria, Suakin, Port Said, and Suez, in 'Diplomatic and Consular Reports.' London, 1889. Reports of Sir Evelyn Baring on the Finances of Egypt. London, 1888. Despatch from Sir Evelyn Baring inclosing a Report on the Condition of the Agricultural Population in Egypt. July, 1888. Statement of the Revenue and Expenditure of Egypt, together with a List of the Egyptian Bonds and the Charges for their Services. London, 1885. Suez Canal, Returns of Shipping and Tonnage, 1886-88. London, 1889. Suez Canal, Report by the British Directors on the provisional Agreement with M. de Lesseps. London, 1883. Vincent (Sir Edgar), Memorandum on the Land Tax of Egypt. Cairo, 1884.-Report on the Financial Position of Egypt. Cairo, 1884.-Memorandum on the Budget of 1885. Cairo, 1885. Note on the Currency of Egypt. Cairo, 1885.-Note on the Revenue Statement for 1884. Cairo, 1885.--Note on the Proposed Monetary Law. Cairo, 1885.-Financial Proposals. Cairo, 1885.-Egyptian Balance-sheet, December 31, 1884. Cairo, 1885.-Report on the Year 1884. Cairo, 1885.-Report on the Finances of Egypt, 1885, 1886, and 1887. Cairo. L'administration financière 1884-87 et la modification du régime fiscal des tabacs en Egypte. 1887. Trade of Egypt with Great Britain, in 'Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions for the year 1888.' Imp. 4. London, 1889. Essai de statistique agricole, 1887 and 1888. (Boinet Bey) Le Caire, 1888 and 1889. 2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. Barois (J.), L'irrigation en Egypte. Imprimerie nationale, Paris, 1888. De Leon (Edwin), The Khedive's Egypt. 8. London, 1877. Duff-Gordon (Lady), Last Letters from Egypt. 8. London, 1875. Edwards (A. B.), A Thousand Miles up the Nile. 8. London, 1877. Ibrahim-ilmy (Prince), The Literature of Egypt and the Soudan. 2 vols. London, 1886-88. Lesseps (Ferdinand de), Le Canal de Suez. 8. Paris, 1875. Loftie (W. J.), A Ride in Egypt. 8. London, 1879. From Pharaoh to Fellah. London, 1887. McCoan (J. C.), Egypt as it is. London, 1877. Malortie (Baron de), Egypt: Native Rulers and Foreign Interference. London, 1883. Mühlbach (L.), Reisebriefe aus Aegypten. 2 vols. 8. Jena, 1871. Rabino (Joseph), Some Statistics of Egypt. Statistical Society. London, 1884. De la progression de la dette égyptienne. Boulac, 1889. The Statistical Story of the Suez Canal. 'Journal of the Royal Statistical Society.' June, 1887. Ronchetti (N.), L'Egypte et ses progrès sous Ismail Pascha. 8. Marseilles, 1868. Stuart (Villiers), Egypt after the War. London, 1883. Wallace (D. Mackenzie), Egypt and the Egyptian Question. London, 1883. Wilcocks (W.), Egyptian Irrigation. E. & F. N. Spon, London, 1889. Wilson (C. T.) and Felkin (R. W.), Uganda and the Egyptian Soudan. London, 1882. Zincke (F. B.), Egypt of the Pharaohs and the Khedive. 8. London, 1872. UNITED STATES. (UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.) Constitution and Government. THE form of government of the United States is based on the Constitution of Sept. 17, 1787, to which ten amendments were added Dec. 15, 1791; an eleventh amendment, Jan. 8, 1798; a twelfth amendment, Sept. 25, 1804; a thirteenth amendment, Dec. 18, 1865; a fourteenth amendment, July 28, 1868; and a fifteenth amendment, March 30, 1870. By the Constitution, the government of the nation is entrusted to three separate authorities, the Executive, the Legislative, and the Judicial. The executive power is vested in a President, who holds his office during the term of four years, and is elected, together with a Vice-President chosen for the same term, in the mode prescribed as follows:-'Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.' The Constitution enacts that 'the Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same throughout the United States;' and further, that no person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States.' The President is commander-in-chief of the army and navy, and of the militia in the service of the Union. He has the power of a veto on all laws passed by Congress; but, notwithstanding his veto, any bill may become a law on its being afterwards passed by each House of Congress by a two-thirds vote. The VicePresident is ex-officio President of the Senate; and in case of the death or resignation of the President, he becomes the President for the remainder of the term, and the Senate chooses a VicePresident pro tem. The elections for President and Vice-President are at present held in all the States on Tuesday next after the first Monday in November, every leap-year; and on the 4th of March following the new President elect assumes office. President of the United States.-Benjamin Harrison, born August 20, 1833, in the State of Ohio; studied at Miami University; studied law at Cincinnati; in 1860 elected reporter of the Supreme Court of Morana; held a general's command in the Federal army during the Civil War; Governor of Indiana 1880; elected to the U.S. Senate 1881; entered upon the Presidency March 4, 1889. Vice-President.-Levi Parsons Morton. The President of the United States has an annual salary of 50,000 dollars, and the Vice-President 8,000 dollars. Since the adoption of the Constitution the offices of President and Vice-President have been occupied as follows: PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. : |