lishments, 2,954,875 Rs.; railway, 1,506,189 Rs.; education, 468,346 Rs. ; military and volunteer forces, 729,126 Rs., of which 600,000 Rs. is paid to the Imperial Government; interest on loans, 2,473,682 Rs.; and pensions, 715,972 Rs. In 1888 167,247 Rs. out of the general revenue was spent on public works, exclusive of 395,291 Rs. from the same source expended on irrigation.

On December 31, 1888, the public debt of the colony amounted to 2,226,0531. and 365,000 Rs.; it has been incurred entirely for public works, including 180 miles of railway, the Colombo breakwater, and the Colombo waterworks.

In 1886 the total local revenue amounted to 1,491,279 Rs.

Defence.

The harbour of Trincomalee on the east coast of Ceylon is the headquarters of the British fleet in East Indian waters. It is fortified, and the fortifications are being strengthened, at the cost of the Imperial Govern. ment. The harbour of Colombo on the west coast is also to be protected, the colony bearing the cost of the erection of earthworks, and the Imperial Government supplying the armament. Ceylon has no naval

forces of its own.

The British troops in Ceylon are under the command of a majorgeneral, and comprise a regiment of British infantry, artillery, and engineers, the total strength being 1,090; there is a volunteer force numbering 914 of all ranks. The colony pays 600,000 Rs. per annum to the Imperial Government as the cost of the garrison.

Production and Industry.

The estimated area of the colony is 16,233,600 acres; 2,114,100 acres being under cultivation. Of this, 743,000 acres under rice and other grains, 104,000 under coffee, 200,000 under tea, 628,300 under coco-nut palms, 32,663 under Palmyra, areca, and other palms, 3,442 under cinchona, 15,930 under tobacco, 36,000 acres under cinnamon, 716,000 under pasture. The live stock of the island in 1885 included 3,983 horses, 951,305 cattle, 88,131 goats, 46,634 sheep. Plumbago is a valuable mining product, and in 1886 there were 197 plumbago mines.

Commerce.

The declared value of the total imports and exports of the colony, including bullion and specie, was as follows in each of the five years 1884 to 1888 :

The principal articles of export from Ceylon in 1888 werecoffee, valued at 7,729,242 Rs.; cinchona, 1,844,012 Rs. ; tea, 12,624,850 Rs. ; plumbago, 2,232,778 Rs.; coco-nut products, 6,832,116 Rs. ; cinnamon, 1,020,294 Rs. ; areca nuts, 790,252 Rs.

The principal articles of import were-cotton goods valued at 5,185,039 Rs.; salt-fish, 1,466,036 Rs.; rice, paddy, &c., 24,556,992 Rs. ; coals, 6,616,151 Rs.

Disease has in recent years greatly reduced the produce of coffee. The quantity exported fell from 824,509 cwt. in 1879 to 299,395 cwt. in 1884, to 183,044 cwt. in 1886 to 178,490 cwt. in 1887, and again to 139,110 in 1888. The exports of tea, which in 1884 amounted only to 2,392,975 lb. and in 1885 to 4,372,721 lb., reached 7,849,888 lb. in 1886, 13,834,057 lb. in 1887, and 23,820,471 in 1888.

The export of cacao was, in 1884, 9,241 cwt.; 13,056 cwt.; 1887, 17,460 cwt.; 1888, 12,231 cwt.

1885, 7,466 cwt.; 1886,

The commerce of Ceylon is largely with the United Kingdom and India. According to Ceylon returns the imports from the former in 1888 amounted to 1,280,390 Rs. and exports to 2,379,193 Rs.; imports from India 3,397,190 Rs.; exports to 643,290 Rs. The amount of trade with the United Kingdom isshown in the following table, according to the Board of Trade returns in each of the five years from 1884 to 1888 :

The principal article of export from Ceylon to the United Kingdom is coffee, of the declared value of 3,001,0757. in 1879, of 579,1267. in 1886, of 578,1047. in 1887, and in 1888 434,7041. Besides coffee, other exports are-cinchona, 91,2937. in 1881, 655,6467. in 1885, 431,3297. in 1887, and in 1888, 355,8967.; coco-nut oil, 94,135l. in 1882, 125,3477. in 1885, 113,6767. in 1887, and in 1888 134,3497.; cinnamon, 87,7887. in 1882, 56,570l. in 1885, 41,9987. in 1887, and in 1888, 38,156; plumbago, 90,0307. in 1882, 69,7337. in 1885, 38,0847. in 1887, and in 1888, 44,2677.; tea, 1207. in 1878, 134,3047. in 1883, 276,6457. in 1885, 448,5987. in 1886, 756,0187. in 1887, and in 1888, 1,244,7247.; cordage and twine, 177,4547. in 1884, 63,1637. in 1885, 35,0577. in 1887, and in 1888, 54,2651. Manufactured cotton goods, of the value of 178,6447.; iron, wrought and unwrought, 47,4357.; coals 140,4437., machinery, 67,7527., form the staple articles of British imports into Ceylon in 1888.

Communications.

The total tonnage entering and clearing at Ceylon ports in 1889 was upwards of 4 millions. In 1887, 465 vessels of 27,242 tons were registered as belonging to Ceylon.

Ceylon had 181 miles of railway open for traffic in 1889, 36 miles are

under construction, 45 miles are surveyed and estimated, and 244 miles are projected.

In 1888 there were 160 post-offices, of which 29 were telegraph offices.

Money and Credit.

The amount of Government currency notes in circulation on January 1, 1889, was 5,529,705 Rs.; as security for the repayment of which the Currency Commissioners held, on the same date, in silver 2,863,551 Rs.; and in securities of the Indian and other colonial Governments 2,666,153 Rs. Five banks have establishments in Ceylon, but none issue notes. Two of them had total deposits amounting to 18,427,649 Rs. on January 1, 1887. The Ceylon Savings Bank on same date had deposits amounting to 2,097,371 Rs.; and the Post Office Savings Bank to 81,196 Rs.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The weights and measures of Ceylon are the same as those of the United Kingdom. The money of the country is the rupee of British India, with cents in place of annas and pice; thus Ceylon has a decimal coinage. The exchange value in 1888 was 16.89 pence.

Dependency.

The Maldive Islands, 500 miles west of Ceylon, are governed by an hereditary Sultan, who resides in the island of Mali, and pays a yearly tribute to the Ceylon Government. Next to the Sultan is the Fandiari, the head priest or judge, and besides him 6 Wazirs or Ministers of State. The Maldives are a group of 17 coral islets (atolls), richly clothed with coco-nut palms, and yielding millet, fruits, and edible nuts.

Population estimated at about 200,000, Mohammedans. The people are civilised, and are great navigators and traders.

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Ceylon.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Census of Ceylon, 1880. Colombo, 1882.

Colonial and Indian Exhibition. Official Handbook of the Ceylon Court. London, 1887. Colonial Office List, 1889.

Report on the Revenue, Trade, &c., of Ceylon, in Papers relating to H.M.'s Colonial Possessions, London, 1889.

Statistics of Ceylon; in 'Statistical Abstract for the Colonial and other Possessions of the United Kingdom.' No. XXVII. 8. London, 1889.

Trade of Ceylon with Great Britain; in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions in the year 1888.' Imp. 4. London, 1889.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

London, 1855.

8. Colombo and London, 1889. London, 1887.

Baker (Sir S. W.), Eight Years' Wanderings in Ceylon. 8. Ferguson (A. M. & J.), The Ceylon Handbook and Directory. Ferguson (John), Ceylon in the Jubilee Year. 3rd edition. Haeckel (Dr. E.), Ceylon. London, 1883. Ransonnet-Villez (Baron E. von), Ceylon: Skizzen seiner Bewohner, seines Thier- und Pflanzenlebens. Fol. Brunswick, 1868.

Tennent (Sir James Emerson), Ceylon: an Account of the Island, Physical, Historical, and Topographical. 5th edition. London, 1860.

Christmas Island. See STRAITS SETTLEMENTS.

CYPRUS.

High Commissioner.-Sir Henry Ernest Bulwer, G.C.M.G., appointed 1886; salary, 4,000l.

The third largest island in the Mediterranean, 60 miles from the coast of Asia Minor and 41 from the coast of Syria.

It is administered by Great Britain, under a convention concluded between the representatives of her Majesty and the Sultan of Turkey at Constantinople, June 4, 1878.

The island is administered by a High Commissioner, vested with the usual powers of a colonial governor. He is assisted by an Executive Council, consisting of the senior officer in command of the troops, the Chief Secretary, the Queen's Advocate, the Receiver-General.

The Legislature consists of a Council of eighteen members, six being office holders-the Chief Secretary, the Queen's Advocate, the ReceiverGeneral, the Chief Medical Officer, the Auditor, the Director of Survey— and twelve elected (for five years), three by Mahomedan and nine by nonMahomedan voters. The voters are all male Ottomans, or British subjects, or foreigners, twenty-one years of age, who have resided five years, and are payers of any of the taxes known as 'Verghis.' Registered electors, October 1886, were:- Mahomedan, 3,478; non-Mahomedan, 15,408.

Municipal councils exist in the principal towns, elected practically by all resident householders and ratepayers. Those eligible to the council must be voters rated upon property of the annual value of from 101. to 201., according to population.

The population at the census of 1881-95,015 males, 91,158 females; total, 186,173; density per square mile, 51.4.

For administrative purposes the island is divided into six districts, as follows, with area in square miles;-Nicosia 1,040, Larnaca 365, Limasol 542, Famagusta 817, Papho 574, Kyrenia 246; total area 3,584 square miles.

Mahomedans, 45,458; Greek Church, 137,631; others, 3,084.
Of the total population 182,704 are natives of Cyprus.

Birth rate computed in 1888-89 at 27.3 per 1,000.
Death

15.1

The principal towns are Nicosia (the capital and seat of government), 11,536; Larnaca, 7,833; Limasol, 6,006 (two chief ports); Famagusta (with Varoshia), 2,564 ; Papho (including Ktima), 2,204; Kyrenia, 1,192; Morphon, 2,267; Lapithor, 2,370.

Excepting two or three so-called 'high schools,' the schools of the island are of an elementary character. There is a Government inspector, and the Government contributes 3,000l. per annum to elementary educa tion. In 1888 there were 219 Christian schools (excluding certain R. C. mission schools), with 10,357 scholars; 86 Moslem schools, with 3,063 scholars. Total cost (exclusive of Government grant) 6,2007.-fees, voluntary contributions, and endowments.

Weekly newspapers in the English (3), Greek (5), and Turkish (1) languages.

The law courts (reformed in 1883) consist of (1) a supreme court of civil and criminal appeal; (2) six assize courts, having unlimited criminal jurisdiction; (3) six district courts, having limited criminal jurisdiction and unlimited civil jurisdiction; (4) six magisterial courts with summary jurisdiction; (5) village judges' courts. In all, except supreme court, native (Christian and Mahomedan) judges take part.

There is a large amount of crime in proportion to the population, and the people are prone to litigation.

The police force consists of about 680 men.
There is little or no pauperism in the island.

Revenue derived chiefly from the Verghis (taxes on immovable property and trade profits), military exemption tax, tithes on the principal products of the island, sheep, goat, and pig tax, customs duties, excise, stamps, and court fees, and a salt monopoly.

No Public Debt. A sum of 92,7997. is payable annually to the Sublime Porte under the convention of 1878. Annual grant from imperial funds to revenue, 1884-85, 15,0007.; 1885-86, 15,0007.; 1886–87, 20,000l.; 1887–88, 18,000l.; 1888-89, 55,0007.

Cyprus is essentially agricultural. Chief products-corn, cotton, carobs, linseed, olives, silk, raisins, fruit, vegetables, cheese, wool, hides, and wine. One-third of cultivable land under cultivation. Gypsum and terra umbra are found in abundance. Sponge fishery yields sponges valued at about

Chief exports-Raisins, cocoons, wines, wheat and barley, wool, carobs, wheat and flour. The principal imports are--Cotton and woollen manufactures, tobacco, groceries, rice, alcohol, iron, leather, petroleum, timber, sugar, soap, and copper manufactures.

English, French, and Turkish coins current.

The Imperial Ottoman Bank and the Anglo-Egyptian Bank have establishments in the island. Turkish weights and measures current.

About 400 miles of good road, 240 miles of telegraph lines; cable connects with Alexandria.

Total number of letters delivered in Cyprus, 1887-88, 350,700; posted, 274,500.