people. In the woollen industry, 2,000 industrial establishments are engaged, besides 707 spinning and weaving factories, with 58,500 workpeople. The total spindles in 1885 were 650,835, and of looms 39,367, of which 17,460 were machine looms. The cotton industry occupied 1,900 works-of which 633 were on a large scale-with 96,000 workers, and in 1889 2,350,000 spindles and 42,000 power-looms. There were in 1887 1,962 beer breweries, producing 293 million gallons of beer; the export of beer is ten times the import. There are 147,577 distilleries, mainly for brandy, of which the export greatly exceeds the import. There are 40 manufactories of tobacco in the monarchy, but they do not supply the demand, so that the imports exceed the exports.

Commerce.

The general commerce of the whole monarchy of AustriaHungary, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, comprising imports and exports of merchandise, but not bullion, was as follows in the years indicated :—

The following tables show the values of the leading articles of import and export in 1883 and 1886-87 in millions of florins :—

The value of gold, silver, and bullion exported in 1887 was 4,900,000 florins, the imports being 10,600,000 florins.

VALUE OF GOODS (EXCLUDING BULLION AND SPECIE) CROSSING THE DIFFERENT FRONTIERS.

The special trade of Hungary amounted in 1887 to 440,619,404 florins for imports, and 405,991,407 florins for exports; in 1888 to 465 million florins for imports, and 4463 million for exports. Of the imports, 388

million florins were from Austria, and of the exports 3104 million florins in 1888 went to Austria. The imports from Germany to Hungary amounted to 24,889,000 florins, and from Servia 15,623,000 florins; the exports to Germany to 49 million florins, and to Servia 6 million florins. Of the total imports cereals and flour were valued at 165 million florins, living animals at 59 million florins. Of the imports textiles and textile manufactures amount to 200 million florins.

From the Board of Trade returns the direct trade of Austria-Hungary with Great Britain is shown in the following table:

The staple articles exported to the United Kingdom by Austria are grain and flour, the total value of which, in the year 1888, amounted to 1,648,9617., and wood 62,5561.

The principal imports of British produce into Austria are cotton manufactures (including yarn), 329,1547.; iron, 52,6607.; machinery, 124,4367.; oil-seed, 73,2471.; coals, 32,9847.; woollen goods, 60,9427.; copper, 10,8317.; leather, 14,0857.; hardware, 12,1527., in 1888.

Shipping and Navigation.

The following table shows the growth of the Austro-Hungarian mercantile service, including coasting vessels, since 1877:

The following tabular statement shows the strength of the commercial marine of Austria-Hungary on Jan. 1, 1888:

In 1887, 69,594 vessels of 8,066.428 tons entered, and 69,620 vessels of 8,075,565 tons cleared the ports of the whole monarchy.

Of the vessels entered, an average of 83 per cent. and 80 per cent. of the tonnage, and of the vessels cleared 83 per cent. and 84 per cent. of the tonnage were Austrian, Italy coming next, and Great Britain third.

For the port of Trieste alone in 1888, 7,670 vessels of 1,368,706 tons entered, and 7,676 vessels of 1,365,845 tons cleared.

Internal Communications.

I. RIVERS AND CANALS.

In Austria alone in 1888 there were 9,668 miles of Government roads, 2,252 miles of provincial roads, and 40,000 miles of district and communal roads.

In 1888 the total length of navigable rivers and canals in Austria was: for rafts only, 2,428 miles; for vessels and rafts, 1,700 miles; total, 4,128 miles, of which 562 miles are navigable for steamers.

The total length of navigable rivers and canals in Hungary is 3,050 miles (for Danube navigation see under ROUMANIA).

The following are some railway statistics of Austria-Hungary for January 1889:

In Bosnia and Herzegovina there were, in 1889, 342 miles of railway. The following table shows the growth in miles of Austro-Hungarian railways since 1877, and the total capital expenditure up to 1885 in florins :

The following table shows the traffic for five years:

The following are the telegraph statistics of Austria for 1888 and Hungary for 1887:

There were, in 1888, 4,434 post offices in Austria, and 4,242 in Hungary. The following table shows the work of the Post Office for three years: