cereals, 3,500,000 (Russia, 1,000,000; France, 947,000 francs); colonial ware and wines. The chief exports were:-olive oil, 4,500,000 francs (2,800,000 to France); wheat, 3,100,000; tan, 2,500,000; alfa, 1,800,000; barley, 1,300,000; wool, sponges, and woollen goods, 697,000 francs.

The commerce of Tunis with Great Britain has been as follows, according to the Board of Trade returns for the five years 1884-88:

The principal exports to Great Britain in 1888 were esparto grass and other materials for making paper, of the value of 115,4197., and olive oil, 21,4657.; the principal British import consisted in cotton manufactures, of the value of 46,4307.

In 1888 there were estimated to be 3,000,000 cattle, 20,000,000 sheep, and 5,000,000 goats in Tunis.

Length of railways, 260 miles.

There are over 2,000 miles of telegraphs; 44 post and telegraph offices. British Consul-General for Algeria and Tunis.--Lieut.-Colonel Sir R. Lambert Playfair, K.C.M.G., residing at Algiers.

Consul at Tunis.-George Thorne Ricketts.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures of Tunis, and the British equivalents, are as follows:

The Piastre, of 16 karubs.

MONEY.

average value 6d.

The gold and silver coins of France and Italy are in general use.

The pic, or principal long measure, is of three lengths, viz., 0·7359 of yard for cloth; 0-51729 of a yard for linen; 0·68975 of a yard for silk.

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Tunis.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Correspondence respecting the Establishment of French Tribunals, and the Abrogation of Foreign Consular Jurisdiction in Tunis, London, 1884.

Journal Officiel of Tunis. 1889.

Report for 1888 on the Trade of Tunis, in Diplomatic and Consular Reports,' 1889. Report on the Forests of Tunis, in No. 63; and on a Consular Tour in Tunis, by Sir Lambert Playfair, in No. 35 of Report on Subjects of General Interest.' 1887.

Report by Sir R. L. Playfair on the Progress of Tunis since the date of the French Protectorate, in No. 97 of Reports on Subjects of General and Commercial Interest.' 1888.

Trade of Tunis with the United Kingdoin; in Annual Statement of the Trade of the Caited Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions, for the year 1888.' Imp. 4 London, 1883.

L L

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Broadley (A. M.), Tunis, Past and Present. London, 1882.

Charmes (Gabriel), La Tunisie et la Tripolitaine. Paris, 1883.

De Flaux (M), La régence de Tunis. 8. Paris, 1866.

Dilhan (Ch), Histoire abrégée de la régence de Tunis. 8. Paris, 1867.

Hesse-Wartegg (Chevalier de), Tunis, The Land and the People. London, 1882.
Leroy-Beaulieu (Paul), L'Algérie et la Tunisie. Paris, 1887.

Michel (Léon), Tunis. 2nd edition. Paris, 1883.

Playfair (Lieut.-Colonel Sir R. Lambert), Handbook (Murray's) for Algeria and Tunis. London, 1887.

Playfair (Lieut.-Colonel Sir R. L.), Travels in the Footsteps of Bruce in Algeria and Tunis. London, 1877.

Reclus (Elisée). Géographie universelle. Vol. XI. L'Afrique septentrionale. Paris, 1985
Rousseau (F.), Annales Tunisiennes. 8. Paris, 1864.
Tchihatcheff (M.), Algérie et Tunis. Paris, 1880.

Temple (Sir G.), Excursions in the Mediterranean. 2 vols. 8.
Tissot (Charles), Exploration scientifique de la Tunisie, 2 vols.

London, 1856.
Paris, 1884-87.

GUADELOUPE and DEPENDENCIES.

Guadeloupe, situated in the Lesser Antilles, has an area of 94,600 hectares (360 sq. m.); population (1888) was 182,182; it is surrounded by a number of smaller islands: Marie Galante, Les Saintes, Desirade, &c. It is under a governor and an elected council, and is under French law. There are 49 primary schools, with 5,575 boys and 4,178 girls. The colony is divided into arrondissements, cantons, and communes; its chief town is Pointe-à-Pitre. Revenue and expenditure balanced at 5,027,130 francs in the local budget of 1889; debt 1,000,000 francs; expenditure of France (budget of 1890) 2,122,085 francs. Chief cultures: sugar-cane (58,075,430 kilogrammes of sugar, valued at 17,670,250 francs, 1886), coffee, cacao, vanilla, spices, manioc, bananas, sweet potatoes, rice, indian corn, and vege tables; cotton, the ramie fibre, tobacco, and india-rubber to a very limited extent; forest rich in excellent timber. There were in 1887, 7,306 horses, 19,578 horned cattle, 9,819 sheep, and 18,365 swine. Railways 60 miles. Trade in 1887, 14,196,966 francs for imports, and 21,519,696 francs for exports.

GUIANA.

Population estimated at 8,500 inhabitants at Cayenne, and about 12,000 in the interior, in addition to a few mountain tribes. Population of the penitentiaries and the liberated convicts about 3,500. The colony is under a governor. It is poorly cultivated and its trade insignificant. Local budget, 2,003,374 francs in 1888, the expenditure of France being over 1,597,805 francs.

MARTINIQUE.

The colony is under a governor, and municipal councils with elected General Council; divided into 32 communes. Population in 1888 175,391 (84,138 males and 91,253 females), with floating population of 1,687; only 652 were born in France. Birth rate 34 per 1,000 and death rate 29. Several primary schools and lyceums for boys and girls, with 4,350 male and 3,970 female pupils. Chief commercial town St. Pierre (20,000 it

habitants). Sugar-cane (21,300 hectares in 1887), manioc, sweet potatoes, and bananas are the chief culture, 17,146 hectares being under the foodproducing crops. Coffee, cacao, and tobacco also grown to a limited extent. Imports in 1887 were valued at 23,461,450 francs (textiles, flour, manure, salt fish, rice, cotton being the chief items), and the exports 20,859,310 (liquors 5,401,211 francs, sugar 11,873,774 francs). The budget was 4,307,689 francs in 1888; expenditure of France (budget of 1890), 1,835,616 francs; military expenditure, 265,870 francs; debt 435,000 francs.

ST. PIERRE AND MIQUELON.

Two small islands close to the south coast of Newfoundland. Population in 1887, 5,992; chief business cod-fishing, chiefly in ships from France; total value in 1887 13,439,532 francs. In 1887 the two islands were visited by 2,362 ships (356,970 tons); value of exports 18,230,272 francs (4,134,897 francs to foreign countries, the remainder to France and her colonies), and imports 13,746,587 francs (9,686,709 francs from America and other foreign countries). Estimated local revenue (1889) 460,678 francs; expenditure 450,678 francs; expenditure of France (budget 1890) 333,908 francs.

AUSTRALASIA AND OCEANIA.

NEW CALEDONIA AND CEPENDENCIES.

Attached to New Caledonia are the Loyalty Islands. New Caledonia is a French penal colony, and the government is entirely in the hands of the Governor. Area, 6,000 square miles. Population (1887): colonists 5,585, officials and soldiers 3,476, natives 41,874, imported labourers 1,825, freed convicts 2,515, convicts 7,477; total 62,752. The expenditure of the mother country in the budget of 1890 amounts to 2,377,000 francs; the local budget for 1888 was 2,109,626 francs; the expenditure for military services 883,182 francs. Coal, copper, nickel, cobalt, and other minerals are found. About 1,900 square miles are appropriated to natives and colonists; 600 square miles of land suited for agriculture or pasturage remain uncultivated; the rest is mostly forest or mountain. Wheat, maize, and other cereals are cultivated, as also pine-apples, coffee, sugar, coco-nuts, cotton, manioc, vanilla, vines, and other sub-tropical cultures. There are 120,000 head of cattle. In 1887 the imports were valued at 8,052,378 francs, one-half from Australia and New Zealand. The exports in 1887 amounted to 2,406,475 francs. In 1888 the exports to France amounted to 4.649,072 francs, and the imports of French produce into New Caledonia to 3,179,988 francs. In 1887 108 vessels entered, and 51 vessels cleared, the ports of the colony. The capital and chief port is Noumea, 4,000 inhabitants.

South-east of New Caledonia is the isle of Pines, 58 square miles. The Loyalty Archipelago consists of three principal islands and many smaller ones, with a total area of 730 square miles.

The Huron Islands, 230 miles north of New Caledonia, and the Chesterfield Islands, 500 miles north-east, are claimed by France: they are uninhabited and covered with guano.

SOCIETY ISLANDS AND NEIGHBOURING GROUPS.

These are officially known as the French Establishments in Oceania. They consist of the Society Islands-Tahiti, Moorea, the Tetiaroa Islands, and Meetia-and Raiatea and Tubuai-Moru, Huahine, Bora-Bora, and other islands to the north-west.

The Marquesas, Tuamotu, Gambier, and Tubuai groups, and the island of Rapa.

The Wallis or Uea and Howe Islands, to the west of Savaii (Samoa). Tahiti, the principal of these islands, has an area of 412 square miles. and Moorea, 50 square miles. Population of Tahiti 11.200. Moorea 1,600. There is a Commandant-General for all the establishments in Oceania. with a council for consultation. There is also a general council elected by universal suffrage. The chief town and port of Tahiti is Papeete. The expenditure of France in the budget of 1890 was 795,866 francs. The local budget for 1888 amounted to 1,077,998 francs, and the military expenditure was 761,828 francs. The total exports in 1887 amounted to 3,215,045 franes, and imports to 3,099,167 francs. The chief exports are copra, cotton, sugar, coffee, pearls, shells; while cottons, flour, and preserved meats are imported. In 1888 the exports to France were valued at 370,066 francs, and the imports of French produce at 781,542 francs. In 1887 140 vessels entered and 121 cleared. In Tahiti and Moorea 7.000 acres are under cultivation, the crops in 1887 being 77,700 kilogrammes of cotton, 71,400 sugar, 73,250 coffee.

GERMAN EMPIRE.

(DEUTSCHES REICH.)

Reigning Emperor and King.

Wilhelm II., German Emperor, and King of Prussia, born January 27, 1859, became German Emperor June 15, 1888 (see Prussia).

Heir Apparent.

Prince Friedrich Wilhelm, born May 26, 1884, eldest son of the Emperor-King (see Prussia).

The imperial throne, after the extinction of the Carlovingian line, was filled by election, though with a tendency towards the hereditary principle of succession. At first the Emperor was chosen by the vote of all the Princes and Peers of the Reich; but the mode came to be changed in the fourteenth century, when a limited number of Princes, fixed at seven for a time, and afterwards enlarged to eight (nine from 1692 to 1777), assumed the privilege of disposing of the crown, and, their right being acknowledged, were called Electors. With the overthrow of the old Empire by the Emperor Napoleon, in 1806, the Electoral dignity virtually ceased, although the title of Elector was retained sixty years longer by the sovereigns of Hesse-Cassel, the last of them dethroned in 1866 by Prussia. The election of Wilhelm I., King of Prussia, as the German Emperor (1871) was by vote of the Reichstag of the North German Confederation, on the initiative of all the reigning Princes of Germany. The imperial dignity is now hereditary in the House of Hohenzollern, and follows the law of primogeniture. An essential difference between the old and the new German Empire consists in the exclusion of Austria from the latter.

Since Charlemagne was crowned 'Kaiser' at Rome, on Christmas Day in the year 800, there have been the following Em