Production and Industry. Saxony is, in proportion to its size, the busiest industrial State in the Empire, rivalled only by the leading industrial provinces of Prussia. Textile manufactures form the leading branch of industry, but mining and metalworking are also important. Agriculture supported directly and indirectly little more than a sixth of the population in 1885. Of the total area, 994,714 hectares, or about one fifteenth, are under cultivation, besides about 410,000 hectares under wood, of which 174,504 hectares belonged to the State in 1887. 60.7 per cent. of the country is occupied by arable and garden-land, 13·1 per cent. by meadows, 0.5 by pasture, and only 01 by vineyards. The number of separate farms on June 5, 1882, was as follows: These farms supported a population of 578,592, of whom 285,414 were actively engaged in agriculture. The areas under the chief crops, and the yield per hectare in metric tons (of 1,000 kilogrammes), at the undernoted dates were as follows:— On May 1, 1888, the industrial population of Saxony was returned at 321,629, of whom 213,440 were males and 108,189 females; 131,089 were engaged in the textile industry, 36,936 in the manufacture of machinery and tools, 32,088 in industries connected with stone and earth, and 23,251 in those connected with paper and leather. The total number of factories and industrial establishments was 12,931, of which 4,571 had steam-power. The following shows the mining statistics for the years 1884-88:-- 8,601 6,172 313 29,281 36,419 5,619 309 29,297 37,414 5,927 1884 169 20,680 4,131,549 688,551 30,246 144 244? 28,758? 44,050 In 1888 the Saxon iron-foundries produced 149,400 metric tons of finished iron, representing a value of 31,158,840 marks. In 1888-89 776 breweries produced 3,896,767 hectolitres of beer; and in 1887-88 638 distilleries consumed 130,703,900 kilogrammes of raw material in the manufacture of spirits. Communications. In 1889 there were 1,523 miles of railway in Saxony, of which the State owned 1,490 miles. With 212 miles in the adjoining States, the total length of the Saxon Government lines was 1,700 miles. British Chargé d'Affaires.-George Strachey. British Consul-General.—Baron von Tauchnitz (Leipzig). SCHAUMBURG-LIPPE. (FÜRSTENTHUM SCHAUMBURG-LIPPE.) Adolf, born Aug. 1, 1817, the son of Prince Georg; succeeded his father Nov. 21, 1860; married, Oct. 25, 1824, to Princess Hermina, born Sept. 29, 1827, daughter of the late Prince Georg of Waldeck.-Offspring • -I. Princess Hermina, born October 5, 1845; married, Feb. 16, 1876, to Maximilian, Duke of Württemberg. II. Prince Georg, born October 10, 1846; married, April 16, 1882, to Maria Anna, Duchess of Saxony; offspring: Adolf, born Feb. 23, 1883; George, born March 11, 1884; ErnstWolrad, born April 19, 1887. III. Prince Hermann, born May 19, 1848. IV. Princess Ida, born July 28, 1852; married, Oct. 8, 1872, to Heinrich XXII. of Reuss-Greiz. V. Prince Otto, born Sept. 13, 1854. VI. Prince Adolf, born July 20, 1859. The reigning house of Lippe is descended from a count of the same name who lived in the sixteenth century. Constitution and Revenue. The Principality has a Constitution, dated November 17, 1868, under which there is a legislative Diet of 15 members, two of whom are appointed by the Prince, one nominated by the nobility, one by the clergy, one by certain functionaries, and the rest elected by the people. To the Prince belongs part of the legislative and all the executive authority. In the budget estimates for the financial year 1889-90 the revenue was stated at 736,240 marks, and the expenditure at 704,714 marks. There was in 1889 a public debt of 510,000 marks, besides 90,000 marks as share of the paper-money of the Empire. Area and Population. The census of 1875 gave a population of 33,133; of 1880, of 35,374; and 1885, 37,204 (18,563 males, 18,641 females), on an area of 133 English square miles. Marriages, 1888, 305; births, 1,257, 50 (3 per cent.) stillborn, 44 (3.75 per cent.) illegitimate; deaths, 736; surplus, 521. Emigrants, 1883, 122; 1884, 42; 1885, 75; 1886, 45; 1887, 103; 1888, 66; 1889, 31. Except 521 Catholics and 295 Jews, the inhabitants are Protestant. Buckeburg, the residence town, has 5,206 inhabitants (1885). Agricultural enclosures (1882), 6,433, with a population of 12,543, of whom 5,088 were actively engaged on the farms. Of these enclosures 3,609 were less than 1 hectare each; 2,211 ranged from 1 to less than 10; 607 from 10 to less than 100 hectares; while only 6 had an area of 100 hectares and upwards. The State has 15 miles of railway. British Consul-General.-Hon. Charles S. Dundas (Hamburg). SCHWARZBURG - RUDOLSTADT and SCHWARZBURG - SONDERS HAUSEN, see under THURINGIAN STATES. THE THURINGIAN STATES. The Grand-Duchy of Saxe-Weimar, the Duchies of Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and Saxe-Altenburg, and the Principalities of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Reuss-Greiz (ältere Linie), and Reuss-Schleiz-Lobenstein (jüngere Linie), situated close beside each other in the part of Central Germany known as Thuringia (Thüringen), are frequently grouped together as the Thuringian States. Saxe-WeimarEisenach, the largest and most important, has been separately treated (p. 606); but the other seven are here given together for the sake of more convenient comparison. The reigning family, constitution, and revenue of each are first given separately, followed by the tabulated statistics. REUSS, Elder Branch. (FÜRSTENTHUM REUSS-AELTERER-LINIE.) Reigning Prince.-Heinrich XXII., born March 28, 1846; the son of Prince Heinrich XX. and of Princess Caroline of Hesse-Homburg; succeeded his father Nov. 8, 1859; married, Oct. 8, 1872, to Princess Ida of Schaumburg-Lippe, born July 28, 1852.-Offspring: I. Heinrich XXIV., born March 20, 1878. II. Emma, born Jan. 17, 1881. III. Maria, born March 26, 1882. IV. Caroline, born July 13, 1884. V. Hermine, born Dec. 17, 1887. The princely family of Reuss traces its descent to the Emperor Heinrich I. of Germany, surnamed 'The Fowler,' who died in 936. All the heads of the house, ever since the commencement of the eleventh century, have been called Heinrich. In the year 1701 it was settled, in a family council, that the figures should not run higher than a hundred, beginning afterwards again at one. The present sovereign of Reuss-Greiz has no civil list. He is very wealthy, the greater part of the territory over which he reigns being his private property. Constitution and Revenue. The Constitution, bearing date March 28, 1867, provides for a legislative body of 12 members, 3 nominated by the sovereign, 2 by the nobility, 3 elected by towns, and 4 by rural districts. The public revenue, balanced by the expenditure, was set down as 1,078,230 marks for 1890. There is a public debt of 309,334 marks. REUSS, Younger Branch. (FÜRSTENTHUM REUSS-JÜNGERER-LINIE.) Reigning Prince.-Heinrich XIV., born May 28, 1832; the son of Prince Heinrich LXVII. and of Princess Adelaide; succeeded his father July 10, 1867; married, Feb. 6, 1858, to Princess Louise of Württemberg, who died July 10, 1886. Offspring:-I. Prince Heinrich XXVII., born November 10, 1858; married, November 11, 1884, to Princess Elise, born September 4, 1864, daughter of Prince Hermann of Hohenlohe-Langenburg. II. Princess Elisabeth, born October 27, 1859. The reigning house forms a younger branch of the Reuss family. As in Reuss-Greiz, the greater part of the territory of the Principality is the private property of the reigning family. All the princes are called Heinrich, and to distinguish them they have numbers attached to their names, beginning and ending in each century. Number I. is given to the first prince of the branch born in the century, and the numbers follow in the order of birth until the century is finished, when they begin again with number I. Constitution and Revenue. The Principality has a Constitution, proclaimed November 30, 1849, and modified April 14, 1852, and June 20, 1856. Under it restricted legislative rights are granted to a Diet of sixteen members, of whom four are elected by the chief landowners, and the remainder by the inhabitants in general. The Prince has the sole executive and part of the legislative power. In the administration of the State a cabinet of three members acts under his direction. The annual public income was given as 1,453,363 marks for the financial period 1887-89, with an expenditure of 1,435,053 marks. There is a public debt (1888) of 1,424,478 marks. SAXE-ALTENBURG. (HERZOGTHUM SACHSEN-ALTENBURG.) Reigning Duke.-Ernst, born September 16, 1826; the son of Duke Georg of Saxe-Altenburg and Princess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Succeeded to the throne at the death of his father, August 3, 1853; married, April 28, 1853, to Princess Agnes, of Anhalt-Dessau, born June 24, 1824. Offspring:-Princess Marie, born August 2, 1854; married April 19, 1873, to Prince Albrecht of Prussia, Regent of Brunswick. Brother of the Duke: Prince Moritz, born October 24, 1829; married October 15, 1862, to Princess Augusta of Saxe-Meiningen, by whom he has issue three daughters and a son-1. Maria Anna, born March 14, 1864, married April 16, 1882, to Prince George of Schaumburg-Lippe; 2. Elizabeth, born January 25, 1865, married April 17, 1884, to Grand-duke Constantine of Russia; 3. Ernst, born August 31, 1871; 4. Louise, born August 11, 1873. There was a separate Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg from 1603 till 1672, but its territories were afterwards incorporated with Saxe-Gotha until 1826, when the Duke of Hildburghausen, which had been a separate Duchy since 1680, exchanged Hildburghausen for Altenburg, and became Duke Frederick of Saxe-Altenburg. The Duke has a civil list of 143,000 thalers, amounting to above one-fifth of the revenue of the whole country. Constitution and Revenue.-The Constitution bears date April 29, 1831. but was altered at subsequent periods. The legislative authority is vested in a Chamber composed of thirty representatives, of whom nine are chosen by the highest taxed inhabitants, nine by the inhabitants of towns, and twelve by those of rural districts. The Chamber meets every three years, and the deputies are elected for two sessions. The executive is divided into three departments, namely-1, of the Ducal House, Foreign and Home Affairs; 2, of Justice; 3, of Finance. The budget is voted for three years, the estimates of the last period, 1887-89, exhibiting an annual revenue of 2,735,974 marks, and an expenditure of 2,725,078 marks. Two-thirds of the revenue are derived from the State domains, and the remainder from indirect taxes. The public debt in July 1889 amounted to 957,941 marks, covered five times over by the active funds of the State. Many of the inhabitants of the Duchy are of Slavonic origin. The peasants are reputed to be more wealthy than those of any other part of Germany, and the rule prevails among them of the youngest son becoming the heir to the landed property of the father. Estates are kept for generations in the same family, and seldom parcelled out. The rural population, however, has been declining in numbers for the last thirty years. There are 22 miles of railway. British Consul-General.-Baron von Tauchnitz (Leipzig). SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA. (HERZOGTHUM SACHSEN-COBURG-GOTHA.) Reigning Duke.-Ernst II., born June 21, 1818; the son of Duke Ernst I. of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and of the Duchess Dorothea Luise, Princess Luise of Gotha-Altenburg. Succeeded to the throne, at the death of his father, January 29, 1844. Married May 3, 1842, to Princess Alexandrine, born December 6, 1820, the daughter of the late Grand-duke Leopold of Baden. The Duke being childless, the heir-apparent is his nephew, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, born August 6, 1844, the son of Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and of Victoria, Queen of Great Britain. The immediate ancestor of the reigning family of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha was Duke John Ernest, seventh son of Duke Ernst the Pious, who succeeded his brother Albrecht, Ernest's second son, in 1699, in the Duchy of SaxeCoburg, to which he added Saalfeld. John Ernest's two sons ruled in common, under the title Dukes of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld; but their single successor Ernest Frederick I. (1764-1800) introduced the principle of primogeniture. On the extinction of the line of Saxe-Gotha in 1826, Ernest III. received Gotha in exchange for Saalfeld, which was assigned to SaxeMeiningen, and assumed the title of Ernest I. of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. The family is in possession of a large private fortune, accumulated chiefly by Duke Ernst I., to whom the Congress of Vienna made a present of the Principality of Lichtenberg. This Principality he sold, September 22, 1834, to the King of Prussia, for a sum of two million thalers, and other advantages. Besides a vast private income, Duke Ernst II. has, as reigning Duke, a civil list of 100,000 marks out of the income of the Gotha domains, and the surplus of 100,503 marks is paid into the public exchequer, while the rest is divided between the Duke and the State. The Duke further receives one-half of the excess of revenue over expenditure from the Coburg domain lands. Constitution and Revenue.-The Staatsgrundgesetz, or fundamental law of the two Duchies, proclaimed May 3, 1852, vests the legislative power |