The old weights and measures of Spain are in general use.

Diplomatic and Consular Representatives.

1. OF GUATEMALA IN GREAT BRITAIN.

Envoy and Minister.-Señor Don Crisanto Medina, accredited August 19, 1886; accredited also to France, and resident in Paris.

Consul-General.-Benjamin Isaac, accredited December 27, 1879. There are also Consular representatives at Glasgow, Liverpool, Man chester, Southampton, and Plymouth.

2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN GUATEMALA.

Minister and Consul-General.-J. P. Harris-Gastrell.

Consul.-Arthur Chapman.

There is a British Consul at San José and a Vice-Consul at Livingston.

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Guatemala.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Censo general de la república de Guatemala levantado en el año de 1880. Guatemala, 1881. Informe de la Direccion de Estadistica, 1888. Guatemala, 1889.

Informe de la Secretaria de Fomento, 1888. Guatemala, 1889.

Memorias de los Secretarios de Estado del Gobierno de la república de Guatemala (Gober nacion y Justicia; Intruccion Pública; Guerra; Hacienda; Relaciones Exteriores), 1889. Movimiento de poblacion habido en los pueblos de la república de Guatemala durante d año de 1888. Guatemala, 1889.

Report on Guatemala, in 'Diplomatic and Consular Reports, No. 600, 1889.

Trade of Central America with Great Britain, in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom for the year 1888.' Imp. 4. London, 1889.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Baily (J.), Central America. 8. London, 1850.

Bernouilli (Dr. Gustav), Briefe aus Guatemala, in Dr. Petermann's Mittheilungen.' 4. Gotha, 1868-69.

Bernouilli (Dr. Gustav), Reise in der Republik Guatemala, in Dr. A. Petermann's 'Mittheilungen.' 4. Gotha, 1873.

Brigham (T.), Guatemala. The Land of the Quetzal. London, 1887.

Fröbel (Julius), Aus America. 2 vols. 8. Leipzig, 1857-58.

Gonzalez (Dario), Geografia de Centro-América. San Salvador, 1878.

Laferrière (J.), De Paris à Guatemala, Notes de voyage au centre de l'Amérique. & Paris, 1877.

Lemale (G.), Guia geográfica de los centros de poblacion de la república de Guatemala Guatemala, 1882.

Marr (Wilhelm), Reise nach Central-America. 2 vols. 8. Hamburg, 1863.

Morelot (L.), Voyage dans l'Amérique centrale. 2 vols. 8. Paris, 1859.

Scherzer (Karl, Ritter von), Wanderungen durch die mittelamerikanischen Freistaaten. 8. Braunschweig, 1857.

Squier (E. G.), The States of Central America. 8. London, 1868.

Stoll (Otto), Guatemala. Reisen und Schilderungen aus den Jahren 1878-83. Leipzig, 1885. Whetham (J. W. Boddam), Across Central America. 8. London, 1877.

HAITI.

(RÉPUBLIQUE DE HAÏTI.)

Constitution and Government.

THE Republic of Haiti, formerly a French colony, is governed under a Constitution proclaimed June 14, 1867. By its terms the legislative power rests in a National Assembly, divided into two chambers, respectively called the Senate and the House of Representatives. The latter is elected by the direct vote of all male citizens engaged in some occupation, for the term of five years; while the members of the Senate (30 in number) are nominated for six years by the House of Representatives from two lists presented by the Executive and the Electoral Colleges; one-third retire every two years. Members of both Houses are paid during session. The executive power is in the hands of a President, who, according to the Constitution, must be elected by the people, but in recent years has generally been chosen by the United Senate and House of Representatives, sitting in National Assembly, and in some instances by the troops, and by delegates of parties acting as representatives of the people. The nominal term of office of the President is seven years; it is generally cut short, however, by insurrections.

President of the Republic.-General Hyppolite, assumed presidency October 1889.

The administration of the Republic is carried on, under the President, by four heads of departments. The President receives a salary of 4,8007.

Area and Population.

The area of the Republic, which embraces the western portion of the island of Haiti-the larger but less populated eastern division forming the Republic of Santo Domingo-is estimated at 10,204 English square miles. A census of the population does not exist; the inhabitants, nine-tenths of whom are negroes and the rest mulattoes, with very few of European descent, are calculated by the best authorities to number about 572,000, while an estimate by a native writer gives the total at 960,000 in 1887. Capital: Port-au-Prince, with 40,000 to 60,000 inhabitants, situated on a large bay, and possessed of an excellent harbour. The language of the country is French, though most of the people speak a debased dialect known as Creole French.

Religion and Instruction.

The religion is nominally Roman Catholicism. Public elementary education is free, the country being divided into 14 inspectors' districts. There are 400 national schools, besides private schools, and 5 public lycées.

Finance.

The public revenue and expenditure are known only by estimates, long-continued civil war having brought extreme disorder into the finances of the Republic. The revenue and expenditure for 1885-86 were estimated

at 6,412,957 dollars. The budget estimates for 1887-88 gave an expend ture of 4,066,236 piastres.

There is a large floating debt, consisting chiefly of paper-money issued by successive Governments, the great mass enormously depreciated by frequent repudiation, and by forgery on a vast scale.

According to an official statement of 1887, the total external debt is 4,320,000 dollars, and internal, 9,180,000 dollars; total, 13,500,000 dollars.

Since October 1881 the National Bank of Haiti has entered into activity with a capital of 800,000l. in 2,000 shares. It was charged with the emission of a new decimal coinage, to take the place of the various coins in circulation in the Republic. It might also issue bank-notes, but for not more than three times the cash in its possession. But in the years 1884 and 1885 the issue of 3,000,000 of piastres in paper-money was decreed by the Government.

Defence.

The army, under a law of reorganisation' passed by the National Assembly in 1878, consists, nominally, of 6,828 men, chiefly infantry. There is a special Guard of the Government,' numbering 650 men, commanded by 10 generals, who also act as aides-de-camp to the President of the Republic. Haiti has a gun-vessel of 900 tons, a corvette, and two sloops.

Commerce and Communications.

The total imports in the year 1887 were valued at 6,845,597 piastres, and exports at 10,185,366 piastres. Of the imports 4,250,500 piastres were from America, 750,918 piastres from Germany, 710,790 piastres from France, 675,535 piastres from Great Britain. The principal articles exported are coffee, 49,811,781 lbs. in 1887; cacao, 3,634,860 lbs.; mahogany, logwood, and cotton, 2,255,440 lbs.; the latter mostly to France. This last is again being planted, after the industry had decayed for some years.

There is no report of the exact value of the commercial intercourse of the Republic with the United Kingdom in the Annual Statement' published by the Board of Trade, which throws Haiti together with Santo Domingo. But as the population of the latter State is only about onefourth of that of Haiti, an estimate may be made of the respective distri bution of exports and imports during the five years 1884 to 1888 given in the following table:

The chief exports to the United Kingdom in 1888 were logwood, valued at 21,7947.; mahogany and other woods, 26,4721.; coffee, 1,7087. (30,3157. in 1880), and cacao 1,8817. (8,7497. in 1884). Previously raw cotton was also exported in considerable quantities, but the value of this export sank from 76,7867. in 1872 to nil in 1881; in 1882, 1,9391. worth was exported; in 1883, 1717.; in 1884, 5047.; in 1885, 1947.; in 1886, 3507.; in 1887 and 1888, mil.

The staple article of British produce imported into Haiti and Santo Domingo consists of cotton manufactures, valued at 337,9447. in 1884; 233,7517. in 1885; 170,7587. in 1886; 309,5217. in 1887; 214,5167. in 1888; and linens, 65,4357. in 1884; 29,1897. in 1885; 19,6307. in 1886; 34,8597. in 1887; 17,7631. in 1888.

In 1887, 726 vessels of 691,150 tons entered, and 724 vessels of 679,902 tons cleared, the principal ports of Haiti.

In 1887, 479,996 letters, &c., passed through the Post Office. There are 31 offices.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures of Haiti, and the British equivalents,

are:

MONEY.

The Piastre, or dollar, nominal value, 4s.; real value, 38. 4d. French gold and silver coins are in current use, and bank-notes of the National Bank of Haiti.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

The weights and measures in use are those of France.

Diplomatic and Consular Representatives.

1. OF HAITI IN GREAT BRITAIN.

Chargé d'Affaires.-Félix Dejean.

Consul.-Maurice Erdmann.

2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN HAITI.

Consul-General.—

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Haiti. 1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Report on Haiti in 'Reports from the Consuls of the United States,' No. 82. Washington,

1887.

Report on the Trade and Finances of Haiti, in 'Reports on Subjects of General Interest,' No. 52. London, 1887.

Report on Trade and Shipping of Haiti, 1887, in 'Deutsches Handels-Archiv,' July 1888. Berlin, 1888.

Trade of Haiti and San Domingo with the United Kingdom, in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions in the year 1888.' Imp. 4. London, 1889.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Ardouin (Beaubrun), Etudes sur l'histoire de Haïti. 10 vols. Paris, 1853-61.
Bonneau (Alex.), Haïti, ses progrès, son avenir. 8. Paris, 1862.
Fortunat (Danté), Nouvelle géographie de l'ile de Haiti. Port-au-Prince, 1888.
Handelmann (J.), Geschichte von Haïti. 8. Kiel, 1856.

Hazard (Samuel), Santo Domingo, Past and Present; with a Glance at Haiti.
London, 1873.

Madiou (N.), Histoire de Haïti. 3 vols. 8. Port-au-Prince, 1847.
Nau (K), Histoire des Caziques de Haïti. 8. Port-au-Prince, 1855.
St. John (Sir Spenser), Haiti, or the Black Republic. London, 1884.

8. pp. 511.

HAWAII.

(HAWAII-NEI.)

Reigning King, Constitution, and Government.

Kalakaua I., born November 16, 1836, son of the Chiefess Keohokalole and Kapaakea, is of pure Hawaiian blood, and akin to the ancient royal family; was elected king by the Parliament on February 12, 1874, on the death of Lunalilo I.; crowned February 1883; married to Queen Kapiolani, born December 31, 1834. The heir to the throne is the Princess Lydia Kamakeha Liliuokalani, the eldest sister of the King, born September 2, 1838; married to His Excellency John O. Dominis, Governor of Oahu.

Under Kaméhaméha I. the Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands were united into one kingdom. The second king of the name and his queen died in England, 1823. Under Kaméhaméha III. the integrity of the Kingdom was recognised by England, France, and the United States, and subsequently by other Governments. This king gave his subjects a constitution in 1840, which was revised and extended in 1852, and on his death in 1854 was succeeded by his nephew, Kaméhaméha IV., the husband of Queen Emma, who died in 1863. His brother, Kaméhaméha V., succeeded, and proclaimed a revised constitution, August 20, 1864. On his death in 1872, without issue, Prince Lunalilo was chosen, on whose death in 1874 the present king was elected.

The Government is a limited monarchy. In 1887 a new constitution was granted. The effect of the constitutional changes introduced is to curtail the power of the Crown and to extend the popular basis of the Government. Under the new constitution, as under the old, there are two Houses-a House of Nobles and a House of Representatives-both consisting of 24 members. Under the former constitution the nobles were nominated by the king. Now both Houses are elected by all adult males, subject to the possession of educational qualifications and, in the case of the House of Nobles, of a property qualification as well. Representatives are elected for two years, nobles for six. The two Houses sit together, and form the Legislature, in which the king's ministers hold seats ex officio, with the right to vote, except on a question of want of confidence in them. There is a Privy Council, the members of which are appointed by the king; and a Cabinet, consisting of a Minister of Foreign Affairs, of the Interior, and of Finance, and an Attorney-General.

By an arrangement made in 1889 the Government of the United States controls the foreign relations of Hawaii.

The naval and military forces consist of 250 men, authorised by law, and a volunteer force-the Honolulu Rifles-of 250 men. All natives are liable to serve if called on.