Heyfeder (Dr. 0.), Transkaspien und seine Eisenbahn. 1888.

Iliin (A.), Detailed Atlas of Russia, with plans of chief tows. St. Petersburg, 1886. (Russian.)

Jourdier (L.), Des forces productives, destructives et improductives de la Russie. 8. 2nd ed. Leipzig, 1861.

Lansdell (H.), Russian Central Asia. London, 1885.

Leroy-Beaulieu (Anatole), L'empire des Tsars et les Russes. 2 vols. Paris, 1882. Matthaei (Fr.), Die wirthschaftlichen Hülfsquellen Russlands. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1887. Pauly (J. N.), Description ethnographique des peuples de la Russie. 8. St. Peters burg, 1862.

Raffalorich (Arthur), Les finances de la Russie depuis la dernière guerre d'Orient, 1876-83. Paris, 1883. Also articles in the Journal des Economistes.

Rambaud (Alfred), The History of Russia from its Origin to the year 1877. 2 vols. 8, London, 1879.

Ravenstein (E. G.), The Russians on the Amur: its Discovery, Conquest, and Colonisation. 8. London, 1861.

Reclus (Elisée), Géographie universelle. Tome V. L'Europe Scandinave et Russe, revised to date in 1885. VI. L'Asie Russe. Paris, 1880-81. And Appendix to the Russian translation, by MM. Beketoff, Bogdanoff, Woeikoff, and others. St. Petersburg, 1884. Reed (Sir E. J.), Letters from Russia in 1875. 8. London, 1876.

Röttger (Carl), Russische Revue. Monatsschrift für die Kunde Russlands. 8. St. Petersburg, 1872-89.

Roskoschny, Russland, Land und Leute. Leipzig, 1886.

Roskoschny, Die Wolga. Leipzig, 1887.

Russkiy Kalendar,' published in September each; year.

Sarauw (Christian von), Die Russische Heeresmacht auf Grund offizieller Quellen und eigener Anschauung. 8. Leipzig, 1875.

Semenoff (N. P.), The Emancipation of Peasants. Vol. I. St. Petersburg, 1889.

Schnitzler (Jean Henri), Les institutions de la Russie, depuis les réformes de l'Empereur Alexandre II. 2 vols. 8. Paris, 1867.

Schuyler (Eugene), Turkestan: Notes of a Journey in Russian Turkestan, Khokand, Bukhara, and Kuldja. 2 vols. 8. London, 1876.

Semenof (P. P.), Geographical and Statistical Dictionary of the Russian Empire. (Russian.) 5 vols. 8. St. Petersburg, 1863-84.

Stchapof (A.), The Intellectual Development of the Russian People. (Russian.) 8. St. Petersburg, 1870.

Strelbitzky (M.), Superficies de l'Europe. St. Petersburg, 1882.

Thun, Industrie Central-Russlands.

Wallace (Mackenzie), Russia. 2 vols. 8. London, 1877.

Yanson, Comparative Statistics, vol. 2. St. Petersburg, 1880. Researches into the Allotments of Peasants. St. Petersburg, 1882. (Russian.)

Ungern-Sternberg, Vine Culture in Crimea. St. Petersburg, 1888. (Russian.)

SALVADOR.

(REPÚBLICA DEL SALVADOR.)

Constitution and Government.

THE Republic of Salvador, an independent State since 1853, when it dissolved its federative union with Honduras and Nicaragua, is governed nominally under a constitution proclaimed in March 1864, and modified in February 1880, December 1883, and March 1886. The Constitution vests the legislative power in a Congress of 70 Deputies, 42 of whom are proprietors. The election is by suffrage of all citizens of the Republic. The Representatives are chosen for one year. The executive is in the hands of a President, whose tenure of office is limited to four years.

President of the Republic.-General Francisco Menendez, provisionally appointed June 19, 1885; elected March 1, 1887, for a period of four years. The regular election of the President has in recent years been constantly superseded by pronunciamientos' and military nominations.

The administrative affairs of the Republic are carried on, under the President, by a ministry of four members, having charge of the departments of the Exterior, Justice and Religion; War and Finance; Interior; and Public Instruction.

The army numbers 2,500 men, with 12,000 militia.

Area and Population.

The area of the Republic is estimated at 7,225 English square miles, divided into 14 departments. The population, according to a census of January 1, 1886, was 651,130 (318,329 males and 332,801 females), giving an average of 89 inhabitants to the square mile, being twenty times that of the average of the other States of Central America. An official estimate for 1888 makes the population 664,513. Aboriginal and mixed races constituet the bulk of the population, among whom live about 10,000 whites or descendants of Europeans. The capital is San Salvador, founded in 1528, with 16,327 inhabitants (1888). The city was repeatedly destroyed by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, the last time on April 16, 1854, when it was overwhelmed by almost total ruin, in consequence of which most of the inhabitants erected new dwellings on a neighbouring site, at present called Nueva San Salvador. The new capital again was partly destroyed in 1873 by a series of earthquakes and eruptions, and suffered again severely in 1879.

Instruction and Justice.

Education is free and obligatory. In 1888 there were in Salvador 732 primary schools, with 27,000 pupils; 18 higher schools (including 2 normal and 1 polytechnic school) with 1,293 pupils; and a national university with faculties of jurisprudence, medicine, natural sciences, and engineering, attended by 180 students.

In the capital is a national library and museum, and in the Republic 13 newspapers are published.

Justice is administered by the Supreme Court of Justice, by several sub ordinate courts, and by local justices.

Finance.

The following are the official figures of the revenue and expenditure for five years, the last being given as the estimates :

The revenue is derived largely from customs, 2,215,000 dollars, and monopolies, 1,112,000 dollars in 1888. Among the items of expenditure for 1888 were-property (Hacienda) and public credit, 1,022,444 dollars; army, 621,972 dollars; public works, 369,818 dollars; public instruction, 293,710 dollars.

The internal debt is divided officially into three classes, and is stated to be as follows:-1st class, 1,327,000 dollars; 2nd class, 1,992,000 dollars; 3rd class, 2,694,300 dollars: total, 6,013,300 dollars.

Industries.

The native population of Salvador, more inclined to civilised pursuits than that of any neighbouring State, is largely engaged in agriculture. The principal articles of agricultural produce are indigo, coffee, sugar, and balsam, and the mineral wealth of the Republic includes gold, silver, copper, iron, mercury. The mines and quarries in operation number 180.

Commerce.

In the year 1887 the value of the imports was estimated at 3,275,024 dollars, and that of the exports at 5,242,696 dollars; in 1888 the imports were valued at 4,076,404 dollars, and the exports at 6,707,024 dollars. To the imports in 1888 Great Britain contributed 1,139,592 dollars; the United States, 656,076 dollars; France, 320,310 dollars; Germany, 266,106 dollars; Italy, 52,446 dollars. Of the exports, 152,586 dollars went to Great Britain; 1,913,742 dollars to the United States; 1,027,980 dollars to Germany; 928,638 dollars to France; 330,670 dollars to Italy. The principal imports in 1888 were: Cotton goods, 1,160,412 dollars; flour, 197,034 dollars; liquors, wines, and beer, 157,842 dollars; ironware, 140,628 dollars. The principal exports in 1888 were: Coffee, 4,236,180 dollars; indigo, 1,296,720 dollars; silver, 158,136 dollars; sugar, 181,794 dollars.

The statistics of the commercial intercourse of Salvador with the United Kingdom are not given in the Annual Statement of the Board of Trade,' in which the trade of the Republic is thrown together with that of the States of Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, under the general designation of Central America.' (See p. 647.)

Shipping and Communications.

In 1888, 368 vessels entered the ports of the Republic, and as many cleared.

A railway connects the port of Acajutla with the inland town of Armenia; when the system is completed it will connect the towns of Acajutla, Sansonate, Ateos, San Salvador, and San Tecla. There are over

2,000 miles of good road in the Republic. Salvador joined the postal union in 1879. In 1888 there were 48 principal receiving offices. In 1887 713,305 letters and printed papers were transmitted. In 1888 there were in Salvador 93 telegraph stations and a network of 1,440 miles. The telephone is in operation between San Salvador, Santa Anna, and San Tecla.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures of Salvador, and the British equivalents, areMONEY.

The Dollar, of 100 centaras, approximate value 4s., real exchange value (1889), 6 dollars = 17.

The moneys of England, France, Spain, the United States, and Central and South America circulate freely in Salvador.

In 1885 the metrical system of weights and measures was introduced..

Diplomatic Representatives.

1. OF SALVADOR IN GREAT BRITAIN.

Consul-General.-L. Alexander Campbell.

2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN SALVADOR.

Minister and Consul-General.-J. P. Harriss-Gastrell.
Consul.-John Moffatt (San Salvador).

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Salvador.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Constitutión política de la República del Salvador decretada por el Congreso Nacional Constituyente el 4 de Diciembre de 1883.

Diario Oficial, 1886, August 17, has a new Constitution.

Memoria de Hacienda, Guerra y Marina. San Salvador, 1889.

Report by Consul Moffatt on Salvador for 1887, in No. 378, 'Diplomatic and Consular Reports.' London, 1888.

Report on the Trade of Salvador, in 'Deutsches Handels-Archiv,' September 1889.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Fröbel (Julius), Aus America, 2 vols. 8. Leipzig, 1857-58.

Gonzalez (Dr. D.), Geografía de Centro-América. San Salvador, 1878.

Guzman (D.), Apuntamientos sobre la topografia fisica de la rep. del Salvador. San Sal vador, 1883.

Laferrière (J.), De Paris à Guatemala. 8. Paris, 1877.

Marr (Wilhelm), Reise nach Central-America. 2 vols. 8. Hamburg, 1863.

Morelot (L.), Voyage dans l'Amérique centrale. 2 vols. 8. Paris, 1859.

Reyes (Rafael), Nociones de história del Salvador. San Salvador, 1886.

Scherzer (Karl Ritter von), Wanderungen durch die mittelamerikanischen Freistaaten Nicaragua, Honduras und Salvador. 8. Braunschweig, 1857.

Squier (E. G.), The States of Central America. 8. London, 1868.

SAMOA.

Reigning King.-Malietoa Laupepa, restored November 9, 1889. Groups of 14 volcanic islands in the South Pacific, the chief of which are Upolu, Savaii, and Tutuila. At a Samoan conference at Berlin in 1889, at which Great Britain, Germany, and the United States were represented, an Act was signed (June 14), guaranteeing the neutrality of the islands, in which the citizens of the three signatory Powers have equal rights of residence, trade, and personal protection. The three Powers recognise the independence of the Samoan Government, and the free right of the natives to elect their chief or king, and choose the form of government according to their own laws and customs. A supreme court is established, to consist of one judge, who shall be styled Chief Justice of Samoa. He is to be appointed by the three Powers, or, if they cannot agree, by the King of Sweden and Norway To this court shall be referred (1) all civil suits concerning real property situated in Samoa, and all rights affecting the same; (2) all civil suits of any kind between natives and foreigners, or between foreigners of different nationalities; (3) all crimes and offences committed by natives against foreigners, or committed by such foreigners as are not subject to any consular jurisdiction. All future alienation of lands is, prohibited with certain specified exceptions. A local administration is provided for the municipal district of

Apia. Area, 1,701 square miles; population, 36,000, of which 16,600 in Upolu, 12,500 in Savaii, 3,750 in Tutuila. The natives are Polynesians, and there are about 300 whites. The natives are all Christians (Protestants and Roman Catholics), and schools are attached to the churches. The trade is largely in the hands of German firms. Imports, 1885, 93,7201.; exports, 73,9287.; imports, 1887, 87,000l. ; exports, 71,3407. Chief imports, haberdashery, trinkets, arins, ammunition, machinery; chief exports, copra, cotton, and coffee. In 1888 371 vessels (228 German) entered the port of Apia.

British Consul.-H. W. B. de Coëtlogon.

BOOKS OF REFERENCE.

Papers on Samoa, published by the United States Foreign Office.
Report of the Berlin Conference relating to Samoa. London, 1899.
Williams (Rev. J.), Missionary Enterprise in the South Sea Islands.

Turner (Rev. G.), Nineteen Years in Polynesia, 1861.-Samoa. London, 1884.
Meinecke, Die Inseln des Stillen Oceans.

Finlay's South Pacific Dictionary.

Wallace (A. R.), Australasia.