about one-half is exported to France. Other eight provinces produce 2,640,000 gallons, part of which is exported. The remaining departments produce only sufficient for home consumption. After Kraina the largest wine-producing districts are Toplitza, Nisch, and Vlachotinza.

1

Large quantities of plums are grown and exported in a dried state. In 1888 25,000 tons were produced and 16,942 tons exported.

Large numbers of cattle, sheep, and pigs are reared and exported; pigs especially are kept in enormous numbers, feeding on the acorns which cover the ground for many miles. Establishments for breeding and feeding pigs have been erected at various places in connection with the line of railway.

Since Servia obtained her independence the forests have been undergoing rapid destruction. The national and commercial forests are supervised by the administrative authorities.

Servia has considerable mineral resources, including various kinds of coal, but almost entirely undeveloped; besides coal there are iron, lead, quicksilver, antimony, gold, asbestos, copper, and oil shales. Various concessions have been made to private companies for working mines.

Manufacturing industry is in its infancy. There were 12 breweries at the end of 1888.

Commerce.

The following table shows the value of the imports and exports of Servia for the five years :-

The following table shows the value of the leading imports and exports

The following table shows the value of the trade with different com. tries in 1886-87-88 in thousands of dinars :

Servia has at present (1889) one principal railway line, Belgrade-Nisch Vranja, 367 kilom. in length, and several secondary branches; Nisch-Prot, 98 kilom.; Smederevo-Velika Plana, 45 kilom.; Lapovo-Kragonjevatz, 30 kilom. total 336 miles.

Of highways there are 3,495 miles. Of rivers only those bordering Servia are navigable, viz. Danube, 315 kilom.; Save, 144 kilom.; and Drina. 170 kilom. The navigation on the Danube and Save is in the hands of several foreign steam companies. The State possesses only one steamet, which is used exclusively for military purposes.

There were 1,810 miles of telegraph line and 3,060 miles of wire, with 118 stations, at the end of 1888. In 1888, 471,126 messages were trans mitted.

There were 92 post-offices in 1888. In 1887 there passed through the Post Office 8,646,873 letters and post-cards, newspapers, &c., the total value of transmissions being 137,258,700 dinars. The Post Office receipts in 1887 amounted to 754,450 dinars, and expenditure to 566,650 dinars.

Money and Credit.

Servia has a coinage of its own, minted according to the International Coinage Convention of December 11 and 23, 1865. In circulation are gaid coins (milan d'or) of 10 and 20 dinars apiece; silver coins of 5, 2, 1, and 0.5 dinar copper of 10, 5, and 1 para; and nickel of 20, 10, and 5 pas A sum of 22,734,737 dinars has been minted up to the present (1889) and put into circulation.

Public credit is assisted by various monetary establishments, of which there are 37 altogether. The principal place is occupied by the first

privileged National Bank of the Kingdom of Servia in Belgrade, with a paid-up capital of 20,000,000 dinars. It is entitled to issue bank notes, of which there are at present (1889) 28,597,840 dinars in circulation, with a metallic reserve of 4,596,000 dinars. Besides the National Bank there are 4 other bank establishments, 10 bank associations, and 22 savings.banks.

Money, Weights, and Measures.

Servia accepted, by the law of June 20, 1875, the French decimal system for its moneys, weights, and measures. The Servian dinar is equal to one franc; the gold milan to French gold pieces of 20 francs; there are also silver coins of 5, 2, and 1 dinar, and 50 centimes (para), and copper and nickel coins of 20, 10, and 5 centimes.

The decimal weights and measures (kilogram, metre, &c.) are in practical use only since the commencement of 1883; the old Turkish and Austrian weights and measures still lingering in districts at some distance from Belgrade and railway line.

Diplomatic and Consular Representatives.

1. OF SERVIA IN GREAT BRITAIN.

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary.-M. Yepbrem Grouitch; appointed September 28, 1886 (resident at Paris).

Chargé d'Affaires in London.-M. Alex. Z. Yovichich.
Consul-General in London.-H. W. Christmas.

There are Consular representatives of Servia in Manchester, Liverpool, and Bradford.

2. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN SERVIA.

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary.-Frederick Robert St. John, appointed February 1, 1888.

There is a British Vice-Consul at Nisch.

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Servia.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Almanac with Shematisam for 1889 (Servian).

Srpsk Noviné (Official Gazette), 1888-89.

Statistique de la Serbie. 4. Belgrade, 1875-80.

Report by Hon. Alan Johnstone on Servian Railways in Part I. of Reports from H.M.'s Diplomatic and Consular Agents Abroad,' 1886; and the State of Servian Finances, in Part IV. of Reports from H.M.'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation,' 1886.

Report by Mr. Vansittart on the Trade of Servia in No. 176 Diplomatic and Consular Reports.' London, 1887.

Report by Mr. R. D. G. Macdonald on the Trade of Servia in 1887-88 in No. 534 of 'Diplo matic and Consular Reports.' London, 1889.

Report by the Belgian Minister to Servia, M. Emile de Borchgrave: Le Royaume de Serbie. Bruxelles, 1883.

Millet (René), La Serbe économique et commerciale. Paris, 1889.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Balme (M.), La principauté de Serbie. 8. Paris, 1880.

Boskovitch (St.), La mission de Serbie dans la question d'Orient. Florence, 1887.
Courrière (C.), Histoire de la littérature contemporaine chez les Slaves. Paris, 1879.
Denton (William), Servia and the Servians. London, 1862.

Grieve (W. T.), The Church and People of Servia. 8. London, 1864.
Gress (J. F.), Betrachtungen über das Fürstenthum Serbien. Wien, 1851.

Holland (Thomas Erskine), The European Concert on the Eastern Question. Oxford, 1885,

Jakchich (Vladimir), Recueil statistique sur les contrées serbes. 8. Belgrade, 1875.

Kanitz (F.). Serbien: Historische-ethnographische Reisestudien aus den Jahren 18 8. Leipzig. 1868. Karič (V.), Srbija (a description of the country, people, and state, in Servian). Bel

1888.

Laveløye (Emile de), The Balkan Peninsula. 2 vols. London, 1887.

Leger (Louis), Le monde slave. Paris, 1873.

Mackenzie (A. Muir), Travels in the Slavonic Provinces of Turkey in Europe. 3rd edi 2 vols. London, 1887.

Mijatoritch (Elodie Lawton), The History of Modern Serbia. 8. London, 1872. Minchin (J. G. C.), The Growth of Freedom in the Balkan Peninsula. London, 188 Paton (Andrew Archibald), Servia, the Youngest Member of the European Fan* London, 1845.

Ranke (Leopold), The History of Servia and the Servian Revolution. Lomen, translated by Mrs. Alex. L. Kerr.

Reinach (J.), La Serbie et le Monténégro. Paris, 1876.
Taillandier (Saint-René), La Serbie au XIXe siècle.
Thiers (Henri), La Serbie: son passé et son avenir.
Yovanovich (Vladimir), Les Serbes, &c. Paris, 1870.

Paris, 1872.
8. Paris, 1862.

to

Chulalonkorn I. (Somdetch Phra Paramindr Maha), born September 20, 1853; the eldest son of the late King Maha Mongkut and of Queen Rambhey Bhumarabhiromya; succeeded to the throne on the death of his father, October 1, 1868.

Children of the King.

I. Prince Somdetch Chowfa Maha Vajirunhis, heir-apparent, born June 23, 1878.

II. Princess Sudha Dibaratna, born 1877.

III. Princess Sri Vilailaxna, born July 1878.
IV. Princess Bahurat Manimaiy, born 1879.

Brothers of the King.

I. Somdetch Chowfa Chaturant Rasmi, born January 14, 1857. II. Somdetch Chowfa Bhanurangse Swangwongse, born January 13, 1860.

III. Krom Mun Naret Varariddhi, born May 7, 1855.

IV. Krom Luang Pichit Prijakon, born October 29, 1855.

V. Krom Mun Adison Udomatoj, born March 15, 1856.

VI. Krom Mun Phudharet Damrongsakdi, born March 16, 1856.

VII. Krom Mun Prachak Silapakhon, born April, 1856.

VIII. Krom Luang Devawongse Varoprakar, born Nov. 27, 1858.

There are seven other brothers.

The royal dignity is nominally hereditary, but does not descend always from the father to the eldest son, each sovereign being invested with the privilege of nominating his own successor.

Government.

According to the law of May 8, 1874, the legislative power is exercised by the king in conjunction with a Council of Ministers (Senabodi), who have charge of the departments of the War and Marine, Foreign Affairs, Justice, Agriculture, the Royal House, and Finance. The Council of State consists of the ministers, 10 to 20 members appointed by the king, and 6 princes of the royal house. Each of the 41 provinces is administered by a governor; while there are several tributary districts administered by their own princes.

The prevailing religion is Buddhism. In recent years the results of Western civilisation have to some extent been introduced. Some few young Siamese have been sent to schools in England, Germany, and France.