Avez vous été au bal hier au soir?
Nous n'y avons pas été.
Où cette demoiselle a-t-elle été ?

Elle a été chez son frère et chez
nous.

Où votre sœur est elle allée ce
matin?

Elle est allée trouver sa cousine.
N'avez vous pas sorti aujourd'hui ?
Je n'ai pas encore sorti.
Où est Monsieur le général ?
Je ne sais pas, Monsieur, il est
sorti.

Où ce monsieur est il né ?
Il est né à Paris ou à Lyon.
Votre nièce a-t-elle été voir son
frère ?

Elle a été le voir hier.

1. Combien de temps corresponds with the English expres- livres. sion, how long.

Combien de temps avez vous de- How long did you live in Italy? meuré en Italie ?

2. Combien de fois answers to the English, how often, how physician is gone as far as Cologne. 5. Has he taken his son many times.

cian? 28. I have not brought him, no one is sick at our house. 29. Will you take this book to church? 30. I have another, I do not want it. 31. Have you taken my letter to the postoffice? 32. I have forgotten it. 3. How late did you write? 34. I wrote until midnight (minuit). 35. Whence do your sisters come? 36. They come from Paris.

LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY.-VII. DISCOVERIES OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. THE greatest modern navigator, whose fame is European, is acknowledged to be Captain James Cook. His first voyage had for its grand object the observation of the transit of Venus, that is, the passage of this planet in its orbit over the disk of the sun, a phenomenon, alike important in astronomy, navigation, and geography. The ship Endeavour was put under the command of this young lieutenant, who had previously given more than one proof of his skill and courage. The Endeavour left England on the 26th of August, 1768, touched at Rio Janeiro, and proceeded to the straits of Lemaire, in order to double Cape Horn. Terra del Fuego did not present to him such a dreadful aspect as it diù to Wallis; the naturalists of the expedition collected there some plants and animals. One of their excursions, however, nearly proved fatal to them. Having ascended a mountain whose vegetable products they wished to examine, they were overtaken by the shades of evening and the coldness of a severe frost. Dr. Solander was on the point of perishing under its influence, when the wise importunity, or rather pertinacity of his companions saved his life, by hindering him from giving way to sleep, the forerunner of death. After having spent several hours in great distress, and having seen two of their servants sink under its power, the imprudent explorers with much difficulty reached the coast. After this delay in the Straits of Magellan, Cook stood out for Tahiti, where the astronomical observations intrusted to the care of the expedition, were to be made.

The natives of Tahiti welcomed this expedition in the same manner as they had done that under Bougainville, in a hospi. table and agreeable manner. During their three months resi. dence in this island, Cook and his learned companions made an ample collection of specimens of its natural history, and of observations on the manners and customs of its natives. They then visited several other islands of the Tahitian group, and gave to the whole Archipelago, the name of the Society Islands. They explored New Zealand, and found the natives the very opposite of the Tahitians in their disposition, both hostile and cruel. They discovered that this island consisted of two separate parts intersected by a strait, which now bear the name of Cook; but they durst not examine the interior of the country; as it would have been too dangerous to have ventured into the midst of a race of cannibals, whose savage habits were very soon observed by the expedition. Cook left the shores of New Zealand on the 31st of March, 1770, and in twenty days afterwards beheld those of New Holland, where he discovered the bay, which forms now one of our most important colonial settlements, called Botany Bay. Proceeding northward, he was nearly shipwrecked in latitude 16° S. by the vessel striking on a coral rock. The Endeavour was providentially saved, and "nabled to reach a small harbour where she was repaired, and put into a condition to resume her homeward voyage, which she completed without meeting any further disaster.

each other among the ice, proceeded to New Zealand, where they again met. After useless explorations to the east of this island, and as far as the 46th parallel of latitude, Captain Cook made for the Society Islands, where he remained until the health of the expedition was recruited.

A second attempt to discover the southern continent soon brought the expedition to latitude 71° S., but here again the passage to the south was blocked up by ice, and it was obliged to return northwards. In a new exploration of the seas of Oceanica, Captain Cook rediscovered Easter Island, which Commodore Byron, Carteret, and Bougainville had searched for in vain; he also discovered some new islands belonging to the Marquesan Archipelago, returned to Tahiti, and revisited Tongataboo and the Friendly Islands, where he discovered Savage Island, and Batoa or Turtle Island, belonging to the group of the Feejee Islands; he then re-established several points of New Guinea, and discovered Tanna, Erromango, and several other islands of the New Hebrides, New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, and the Sandwich Islands. The point of departure for a third exploration of the Antarctic or Southern Seas was New Zealand. Captain Cook endeavoured to reach the South Pole in a more easterly direction than formerly. Having arrived at latitude 55° 48′ S., he sailed towards Cape Horn, and continued his route towards the east. In this route he discovered the Island of South Georgia, to the east of Terra del Fuego; and south-east of the former a group of islands which he called Sandwich Land. Here he terminated his voyage toward the southern circumpolar regions. He had circumnavigated the globe in high southern latitudes, and had demonstrated that no southern continent existed in the immense zone which he had explored. The hypothesis of its existence was thrown many degrees nearer the South Pole; and the illusion of this problematic continent, so richly endowed by nature, was dissipated for ever!

In this remarkable expedition Captain Cook was absent from England more than three years; and he arrived at Portsmouth on the 13th of July, 1775. In the interval, some other voyages were made in the South Seas; and the islands of Marion and Crozet, as well as that called Kerguelen's Land, were dis. covered by the navigators whose name they bear. Again the indefatigable Cook resumed his voyages of discovery. This time he intended to search for the north-west passage to India, by passing through Behring's straits. He left England on the 12th of July, 1776, with the ships Resolution and Discovery, under his command. He first visited the islands above mentioned, and then touched at Van Diemen's Land and New Zealand. Soon after, he discovered the central Polynesian group Toubouai, the Archipelago of Harvey's Islands or Monaian group, and the islands Watehoo and Otakootai, in the same seas. [Sailing to the north of Tahiti, he arrived at the Sandwich Islands, where he was taken for a superior being, and as such received by the natives. On the first of January, 1778, he made the discovery of this important group. Captain Cook then prepared for the accomplishment of the principal object of the expedition. He sailed along the north-western coast of the new world, until he reached a point of land which he called Icy Cape, in latitude 70° 27'. Here a solid mass of ice, ten feet thick, extending to the opposite coast of Asia, presented to him an insuperable barrier. He returned to the Sandwich Islands, where, alas! his fate awaited him. On the island, in this archipelago, called O-why-hee, he fell by the hands of a savage; and thus, unfortunately, ended the life of the greatest navigator of modern times. Captain Clarke, who was second in command, took charge of the expedition, and sailed to the north-east in search of the passage to the Atlantic; but the same obstacles compelled him to return and abandon the

The second voyage of Captain Cook undertaken in July, 1772, had for its object, the discovery of that great southern land which had been for ages supposed, by navigators and geo-enterprise. graphers, to exist in the southern part of the Great Pacific Ocean, and which Abel Tasman fancied he had seen when he landed on New Zealand. Two vessels called the Resolution and the Adventure, were put under the command of Captain Cook. The expedition proceeded directly southward; but in latitude 67° 13′ S. it met with rocks which appeared to be impassable. No attempt was made to get beyond this obstacle, and the expedition returned northward to the nearest cape, under the conviction that if any southern continent existed, it could only be at a very great distance, and quite in the vicinity of the South Pole. The two vessels which were separated from

To attempt to describe all the benefits which the discoveries of Captain Cook has conferred on the sciences of geography and hydrography, is more than can be done in this historical sketch of these memorable expeditions. The accuracy with which this illustrious navigator determined the geographical positions of the places which he discovered or visited, rectified numerous errors in the maps and charts of the century in which he flourished, and accelerated the progress of the science to which these remarks form our introduction, in a degree hitherto unknown. Mathematical geography has, since his time, taken her place among the exact sciences.

In concluding this lesson, we may remark, that Cook lifted the veil of darkness which hung over the extremities of the Pacific Ocean, and the junction of the continents of Asia and America. His last voyage, by disclosing the vast breadth of America at the latitude of Behring's Straits, made the hopes of discovering the north-western passage darker than ever. That continent had, previous to the time of the English navigator, been considered as terminating to the north in a point or cape, after passing which, the navigator would find himself at once in the south seas, and in full sail to China or Japan. But the discovery of Cook showed that there was found intervening a space of land of nearly three thousand miles in breadth, a very large portion of the circumference of the globe. Hence, geographers viewing the coast running northward from Behring's Straits, and Hudson's and Baffin's Bays, all enclosed by land, received the impression, and constructed their maps accordingly, that an unbroken mass of land reached onwards to the Pole, and that all these boundaries were for ever barred against the enterprising navigator.

Latin. amatum iri

amare

amatum esse
to have been loved
PAST. PART.
amatus

Sing. Plural.

Sing. Plural.

1. FUTURE.

II. FUTURE.

Plural.

PLUFERFECT.

Sing. Plural.

Sing.

PERFECT.

Plnral.

amor

Subjunctive. Imperative. Infinitive. Participle.

[tor

amari

amer

amáris

améris

amáre or ama

amatur

amétur

amátor

FUT. PART. in dus
amandus

ought to be loved English, to be about to be loved be thou loved loved After what has been said, the corresponding English and Latin signs will easily be deduced by the student; thus-of the present, the Latin sign is or, the English, be loved; in the sub. imp. the Latin sign is rer, the English, might be.

Compare together the forms in the active voice, and the forms in the passive voice, and carefully notice how they differ, and how the one may be changed into the other, that is, the active into the passive, and the passive into the active. Remark that the English I am loved, he is loved, &c., denotes a present act, equivalent to this, they or you love me, they are loving me, loving me now; such is the force of amor with its several persons. It is thus contrasted with amatus sum, which if translated literally, would seem to mean I am loved, but which is a past tense and signifies I have been loved. Mark carefully that amatus sum (es, est, &c.) is a past tense; learners are apt to construe it as a present tense. The Latin verb has, in strict speech, no perfect tense of the passive voice, though it can express a perfect passive act. That expression it effects by a periphrasis (a Greek word equivalent to the Latin circumlocution, or round about way of speaking), thus it uses the passive participle and parts of the verb esse to be; for instance, amatus sum, I have been loved; amatus sim, I may have been loved; amatus eram, I had been loved, &c. The participle amatus, of course undergoes the variation of declension, ro as to agree with the pronoun or noun connected with it; thus, if the noun is plural and feminine, amatus becomes amatae; if neuter and singular, amatum; and so on.

amati erátis
amati erant
amatus ero

amatus eris
amalus erit

amati erimus

amati eritis

amati erunt

Cas fgo_1, I chastise, punish; congrego 1, I collect or gather together (E. R. congregation, from grex, gregis, a flock) contami no 1, I defile, contaminate; crucio 1, I crucify, I torture (Lat. crux, crucis, a cross); emendo 1, I amend, improve; exóro 1, I entreat, obtain by entreaty; muto 1, I change (E. R. mutation); obscuro 1, I darken (B. R. obscure); recupero 1, I regain, recover; spero 1, I hope; violo 1, I violate, injure; caveo 2, I avoid (E. R. caution); morbus, i, sickness, disease; flagitium, i, n. a shameful deed; studium, i, n. desire, effort (E. R. study); splendor, oris, m. splendour, bright, shining; judex, judicis, in, a judge; pax, pacis, f. peace; munus, eris, reward, present; aequus, a, um, equal, just; piger, gra, grum, idle, lazy; sancte, adv. holily. LATIN-ENGLISH.

Ego laudabar, tu vituperabáre; urbs oppugnabatur; ego lauda bor, tu vituperabere ;t urbs oppugnabitur; quum urbs ab hostibus oppugnabatur, omnium civium animi ingenti timore occupabantur; cives vehementer ab hostibus vexati sunt; quum pugna erat atrocissima, sol nubibus obscurabatur; malefici post mortem justis poenis castígabuntur; urbs ab hostibus oppugnata est; omnium civium animi ingenti terrore occupati sunt; si litteras diligenter tractaverimus, a parentibus pulchris muneribus donabimur; quum urbs ab hostibus expugnata erat, omnes cives acerbissimo dolore cruciabantur; si liběri vestri bene a vobis educati sunt laudabamini; industrius discipulus laudátor, piger vituperator; leges divinae ab hominibus sanctae observantor; exoramini, O mei parentis! O mi puer, delectare litterarum studio! exorare, O judex! milites certa • Another form of vituperabáris. † Another forin for vituperabĕris.

lie in urbem congregantor; cives ne flagitiis contaminantor; Seeds enclosed in a pouch, notched at the top. melior est certa pax quam sperata victoria; terra mutata non mutat mores; dolor patienter toleratus minus acerbus est; bonus The common shepherds-purse has a branched stem, about a vir laudandus est; boni parentes curant ut liberorum mores emen- foot high, small white flowers which may be observed during dentur; cura ut in omni re conscientia recta servetur; tu a me the long season from March to November, and a pouch amaris ut ego a te redamer; heri ambulaban ut tristis animus universally heart-shaped and somewhat triangular. This exhilararetur; milites nostri acerrime pugnabant ut urbs ab in-plant grows by road-sides and in cultivated ground, and of it teritu servaretur; vide ne a praeceptoribus vituperére; bonus civis there are varieties which we cannot now particularise. Its cavet ne leges a se violentur; non dubito quin amicus meus morbo name, pleasing in its associations, like those of so many wild liberaturus sit; nemo dubitabat quin pax recuperata esset; nescio flowers, is obviously derived from the little purses produced qua re pax turbata sit. by the plant, resembling in shape the purses of former times. SILIQUOSA.

ENGLISH-LATIN.

Peace has been regained; peace will be regained; peace was regained; I do not doubt that peace will be regained; peace has been disturbed; has peace been disturbed? has not (nonne) peace been disturbed? peace will be disturbed; peace ought not to (must not) be disturbed; I shall be praised, he will be blamed; he must be blamed; he has been blamed; the city has not been captured; O father, be entreated (overcome by entreaty) by your suppliant daughter! the mother was overcome by entreaty; the sun is obscured by a cloud; yesterday the sun was obscured by clouds; dear son, thy mind is occupied by terror; my mind was occupied with grief; the minds of all the citizens will be occupied with fear and sorrow; young men, be not contaminated with vice; I love thee that I may be loved again by thee; the father must be loved; the bad boy must be chastised; let the laws of the state be conscientiously observed by all citizens; the laws of God are observed by holy men; have the precepts of virtue been observed by the young men (adolescens, tis) of the city?

LESSONS IN BOTAN Y.-No. XII.

CLASS XV.-TETRADYNAMIA.
Plants bearing flowers, having invariably four petals, with Six
Stamens, of which four are longer than the other two.
THE difference is thus obvious between this class and the sixth,
as in that all the six stamens are of nearly equal length.

ORDER I. SILICULOSA.

The plants of this order comprise those which have a short roundish pod or pouch for a seed-vessel, frequently provided with a shaft, in some kinds as long as the pouch itself. There is also a natural subdivision of this order in those plants which have the pouch entire at the top, and those in which the pouch is notched at the top.

Seeds enclosed in a pouch entire at the top.

The seeds of this order are enclosed in a long pod. There are four species of cardamine, or wild-cress. In May and June we may observe the minute flowers of the narrow-leaved cardamine, which grows in mountainous meadows, by the sides of streams. The plant is about a foot high. The hairy cardamine varies from three inches to a foot in height; the leaves are more or less hairy, and the flowers which may be noticed from March to July are small and white, growing in loose soil and shady places. The flowers of the cuckoo-flower are, on the contrary, large; they grow in corymbs, pale-purple, lilac, or white; and appear during the month of May. The plant is found in moist meadows and watery places, and is about a foot in height. The stems of the bitter cardamine vary in height from one to two feet; the flowers in April and May, are large and white; it grows in wet meadows.

The common wall-cress grows on walls, and on dry sandy ground. It rises to about a foot in height; it is branched, and bears small white flowers, which it puts forth in May. The hairy wall-cress has stems about a foot high, erect, stiff, leafy, covered with spreading_hairs. It grows on dry rocks, gravelly banks, and walls. To the same family belong the Bristol rock-cress, the Alpine rock-cress, the fringed rockcress, and the tower-cress, which grows on old walls, flowers in May of a pale yellow, and has pods thickened at the edges.

The celebrity of the water-cress is of very ancient date. It was thought to brighten the intellect of those that ate it, which gave rise to the Greek proverb, "Eat cress, and learn more wit." Pliny dwells much on the medicinal virtues of this plant; and the Romans recommended that cress should be eaten with vinegar, by those who were deranged. In other countries and in nearer times, the virtues of this plant have attracted much attention. The Dutch eat great quantities of it in the spring, as an antiscorbutic. Lord Bacon tells us, that the water-cress is an herb, that while young, is friendly to life.

As this plant is sometimes confounded with the creeping water-parsnip, which is of a pernicious quality, it is important that the difference between the two should be distinctly perthe rose, or the ash; but the water-cress leaf is of a roundish heart-like shape, with few indentures on the edges, much resembling the first leaves of the radish. The upper part of the plant is of a reddish-brown colour, and of a dark green on the under side of the leaves; whereas those of the water parsnip are of a light green, ending in a point and with regular saw-like teeth on the edges. The white flowers of the water-cress may be observed in June and July. Of the yellow-cress there are three kinds: the creeping yellow-cress has erect stems, a foot high, numerous, small, gold-yellow flowers in clusters; and may be gathered in wet meadows and watery places.

The common whitlow-grass grows on walls and dry loose soil; with leaves arranged in a star-like form on the ground, and yielding clusters of white flowers which appear in March and April. Here we have a plant in miniature. So small are the flower and the foliage that they might be covered by an ordinary thumb-nail. Often are its roots protected by the low green moss, above which it rises to reward the attention it invites. It is worth remembering too, that it grows in patches.ceived. The leaves of both plants are winged, like those of Another name borne by this plant is nail-wort, and it was recommended by the old herbalists as a cure for whitlows, a painful inflammation at the ends of the fingers. There are four other varieties of this remarkable grass. Sea-Kale, or as the old writers called it, Sea-Colewort, is an excellent vegetable. Gerard says, "It groweth naturally on the beach and borders of the sea, where there is no earth to be seen, but sand and rolling pebble-stones. I found it growing between Whitstable and the Isle of Thanet, near the brink of the sea, and in many places near to Colchester, and elsewhere by the sea-side." It grows in sand, with a large and fleshy root, stems two feet high, branched, smooth, and spreading, with stalked, leathery leaves, and clusters of large white flowers which are observable in May and June. In former times it was only procured, as it has been stated, "with the greatest danger, by boys who let themselves down by means of a rope, which is lowered or shifted by others standing at the top, the very sight of which makes the most indifferent observer tremble, while it excites the wonder of others, that so great a risk should be ventured for so small a reward as a dish of this marine vegetable." For many years past it has formed a profitable article with market gardeners, who have cultivated it, and when they have forced it, have obtained for it a high price.

The treacle mustard grows in corn-fields, and flowers in July, with an erect, branched stem, two feet in height. The pods are nearly erect. The seeds are used for destroying worms in children. The garlic hedge-mustard, or Jack by the hedge, has a stem from one to three feet high; its numerous white flowers appear in May. The plant grows among rubbish, and by hedges and walls. When bruised, it emits a smell of garlic, from whence it derives its name; it is bitter and acrid, and has been used as salad. The hare's ear, another variety of the same plant, has a stem from one to two feet high, and a loose cluster of cream-coloured flowers. It grows in fields, ana

on rocks near the sea,