of connivance with the enemy, he raised the standard of revolt against the imperial government. "Being a man of great wealth and conspicuous ability and popular, the army and people readily declared for him and proclaimed him emperor and governor of Britain." This was accomplished in 287 A. D. and for seven years Carausius proved an efficient and successful ruler of the country. He was, at length, assassinated by Allectus, one of his officers, who ruled in his place for three years longer until he was defeated by the Roman forces under Constantius.

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In the meantime Diocletian had associated Maximian with himself as emperor who was to have special charge of the West. Soon after two assistant emperors were appointed, Diocletian choosing Galerius and Maximian selecting Constantius Chlorus, who was to rule over Western Gaul and Britain, Constantius, having been invested with imperial power and having put down the rebellion, soon afterwards landed in Kent, and was welcomed by the ple "who sincerely rejoiced, said Gibbon, that after a separation of ten years Britain was to the body of the Roman empire. This event occurred in 297 A. D. Constantius henceforth made his residence at York, and applied himself with great ability to restore order in Britain and to check the inroads of their northern enemies. But after a prosperous reign of nine years in Britain, he died in the imperial palace at York highly respected by the people.

Constantius Chlorus was succeeded in 306 A. D. by his son Constantine who is known in history as Constan tine the Great. Constantine having been associated with his father, trained under his instruction and example, and well versed in the affairs of Britain and the empire was immediately

proclaimed emperor. After a short campaign north of Hadrian's wall, he left Britain for Gaul, taking with him a large number of British youths in his army. his army. In 312 A. D. in consequence of complications at Rome, Constantine marched with his army into Italy and after two or three important battles took possession of Rome, Italy and the empire. From that time up to his deach in 337 A. D. Britain along with the rest of the empire enjoyed peace and prosperity. During his reign great changes were effected in the affairs of the empire. Some of these proved of great advantage to Britain, such as the recognition of Christianity as the religion of the empire, also the separation of the military from the civil administration of affairs. Other changes which specially affected Britain were the appointment of the count of the Saxon shores, whose chief duty was to guard the southeastern coasts from the raids of the Saxou Pirates, and also the appointment of a governor or Count of Britain who should have jurisdiction over the various British provinces whose affairs were administered sepa rately by their own officers. Britain under these reforms proved tranquil and prosperous.

Constantine died in 337 A. D. and for the next thirty years neither Britain nor the empire enjoyed much prosperity. The Picts and Scots continued their depredations even south of Hadrian's wall-and the Saxon pirates infested the southern coasts while official corruption, oppressive taxation, and heavy drafts of her people for the armies abroad, entailed great sufferings among the British people. This state of things continued until 367 A. D. when the Roman general Theodosius came to Britain. He repulsed the Picts and Scots and drove them back behind the Roman walls. He also reformed the abuses

and grievances which had oppressed the people. After two years of good government Theodosius was recalled and during the reign of the emperor Gratian 367-382 A. D. the old story is repeated of ravages by Picts and Scots and Saxous and of oppression, dissatisfaction and ruin among the people. This finally evoked the spirit of rebellion in Britain. The soldiers and people proclaimed Maximus, a native of Spain, to be emperor. He was a man of great ability and experi ence, and although anxious to decline the honor, he was compelled to yield and to lead the army into Gaul against emperor Gratian, who fled from Paris to Lyons and was soon betrayed and beheaded by his own officers. Maximus was then acknowledged emper or of the West. Not satisfied with this, he led his army over the Alps into Italy where he was utterly defeated and beheaded by the army of Theodosius the Great. He fell in 388 A. D. A large number of Britons in his army, it is said instead of returning to Britain settled henceforth in Armorica now called Brittany.

The revolt of Maximus who was probably Maxen Wledig of the Welsh Triads, was the beginning of the end of Roman rule in Britain.

During this period barbarian hordes were forcing their way from the north of Europe, and the Roman troops in Britain were occasionally withdrawn to defend other parts of the empire. Britain thus became greatly exposed to the depredations of Picts and Scots and Saxons and obtained temporary relief only in response to pressing applications for aid from Rome. In 407 A. D., however, a Roman army in Britain, inspired with fear lest the barbarians might cut them off in an isolated province, proclaimed Constantine, one of its officers, emperor. Leading the army to Gaul, never more to return to Britain, and gain

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ing a victory over the barbarians, he was admitted by emperor Honorius to a share in the imperial authority." One of Constantine's ablest generals was a Brython called Gerontios, who after a while, thinking himself slighted by Constantine and his son, set himself to overthrow both. Among other means he adopted he had recourse to the Germans, whom he invited to invade Gaul and Britain, which they did in 409 A. D. Most of Constantine's troops were in Spain, and Honorius unable to render any aid, wrote letters to the cities of Britain, urying them to defend themselves. They did so, and with such vigor that in the following year, 410, they not only rid themselves of the invaders, but also packed away the few Roman officials, who were still in Britain to carry on the government. In Gerontios one recognizes at once the unmistakable features of the Vortigern of the well-known Hengist story, which is read first in the pages of Bæda and Nennius, while only a few of its elements can be detected in the writings of Gildas in the latter part of the sixth century" (Rhys).

Thus after more than three centuries and a half of Roman rule, Britain recovered its political freedom and independence. In the next chapter we intend to give a brief summary of the results of the Roman occupation on the civilization of the Celtic people in Britain.

THE friend who holds before me the mirror conceals not my smallest faults, warns me kindly, reproves me affectionately when I have not performed my duty; he is my friend, however little he may appear so. Again, if a man flattering praises and lauds me, never reproves me, overlooks my faults and forgives them, before I have repented, he is my enemy, however much he may appear my friend.-Herder

morn,

Was heard afar the bugle horn."-SCOTT. Scarcely had the crown been placed upon Glendower's head when a messenger arrived from the Earl of Northumberland to urge Glendower to hasten forward to meet him with all the troops he could muster, as he had determined upon elevating Mortimer to the throne of England, while Glendower was to be left in quiet possession of Wales. Glendower gathered all the men he could, amounting to 4,000, leaving the French to pursue their victories in Carmarthenshire and Pembroke. Passing through Monmouthshire, he heard that Mary de Bohun, the Queen of Henry IV., was at Chepstow Castle; and thinking that if he could capture her he might be able to dictate better terms to Bolingbroke, he resolved to obtain possession of her by a ruse, if possible, as he could not spare the loss of a man, neither had he time to wait to besiege the place. Despatching Arthur de Bohun, her nephew, in advance of his army, he gave instructions to entice the queen from the castle into the neighboring woods, where he could pretend to seize them both as lawful prisoners.

Arthur de Bohun, although averse to anything like treachery, could not but recollect that he owed his life to the bravery of Glendower, and he felt assured that the Celtic chieftain would not hurt a hair of the queen's head. He therefore took counsel with the young De Ruthyn in the matter, who advised him to execute the behests of Glendower, and offered to accompany him in the enterprise.

"No," said Arthur, "I should not wish you to take any part in so hazardous an undertaking."

The young Lord de Ruthyn was, however, desirous of distinguishing himself in the service of Glendower, to whom he looked up as to a father, and persuaded Arthur ae Rohun to let him accompany him as far as Chepstow, where he would await the coming up of Glendower's forces, and allow Arthur de Bohun to arrange his interview with the queen as circumstances might dictate.

:

The two young men, therefore, set forward on horseback in advance of the army and passing through part of Monmouthshire, along the romantic banks of the Wye, came in sight of Chepstow. They found armed men posted around the woods near the castle, and were challenged by some of them, to whom their replies not proving satisfactory, they were seized and taken into the castle. The names of De Bohun and De Ruthyn, however, were sufficient to disarm suspicion, and Arthur soon sought an interview with the queen, who received him graciously, but said that she was sorry to find her nephew in the service of the enemy of his country, and told him that he had better not make anyone acquainted with his previous history, as it might cause his detention as well as his companion as prisoners, and probably their deaths, and she felt herself responsible for their safety.

As she entertained a desire not only to save the lives of her nephew and young Lord de Ruthyn, but to dissuade them from what she conceived to be a rebellious design against her husband, she asked them to accompany her on a ramble along the Wye

where she could talk to them more freely. They accordingly issued from the castle, passing the guards in safety, and arrived at the bank of the river. The shades of evening were closing around the scene, and the ephemera were flying in mazy dances under the trees which overshadowed the river, the augury of a bright day upon the morrow. The queen led the way without a vord, for she felt that the throne of her husband was not yet secure, and although she had shared his recent banishment by Richard II. with resignation, she felt that the blood of that unfortunate monarch rested in some measure upon her husband's head. When she had arrived at some distance from the castle she broke silence, and gazing steadfastly upon the two youths, said, "I have led you thus far from the castle to speak to you about your danger here. You are both English youths, in the service of a man who is the enemy of your country."

"Stay," said Arthur interrupting; I cannot hear a word against Glendower-a man who is worth a whole legion of Bolingbrokes. He has saved my life, and has moreover, been a father to me and my noble friend here, De Ruthyn."

"That may be," said the queen proudly, "but blood is thicker than water, and you ought to cast your fortunes in with those of your uncle."

"Never!" exclaimed Arthur; "the cause of truth and justice is higher than the mere accident of birth, and Henry, of Bolingbroke, has no rightful title to the throne of England, and no claim upon the allegiance of the Welsh nation."

"He is a usurper!" exclaimed young De Ruthyn.

"Say not that word, or I will leave you to your fate, imprisonment and death," said the queen, excitedly,

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placing her hand upon the shoulder of De Ruthyn.

"Might is not right in my creed," said Lord De Ruthyn, "and as for your threat of imprisonment and death, I fear it not. Threatened men live long."

"You are but young," rejoined the queen more composedly; "you are inexperienced in the ways of the world and the sinister influence of Glendower, who is said to have dealings with sorcerers and magicians, and worked a spell upon you. You are not masters of your own actions. A signal from me would place you in yon castle, far from the Celtic rebel's influence, and were it not for the danger I might place your lives in, I should not hesitate to do it."

"But you must recollect," rejoined Arthur, smiling, "that blood is thicker than water, according to your own creed."

If

"That only replies to you, and not to the young rebel at your side. I could separate your interests, I should feel it my duty to do so," said the queen; and moreover, I do not like the title of your grace,' Master Arthur, as I am your queen, and no longer Duchess of Hereford."

"You are still only the Duchess of Hereford in my eyes," said young De Bohun; "if your grace will not call us rebels we shall not hesitate to address you during our stay here as 'your majesty.'

"That is spoken like a gallant young gentleman,' said the queen, somewhat moved, and pressing her lips upon the forehead of the youth. Then turning to young Lord de Ruthyn, she said, "And can you love the murderer of your father, and follow the fortunes of one who has destroyed your patrimony?"

Lord de Ruthyn gazed at the queen for a moment, and a tear stole down his youthful cheek. The queen saw

it, and was about to follow up her remarks, when De Ruthyn placed his hand upon her arm and said, "You say that blood is thicker than water. I feel that it is so. But Glendower is not the murderer of my father. He fell by an unknown hand in the attack on Caerphilly Castle. My father seized the home and family of Glendower, and-" he paused a moment somewhat overcome by his feelings, "rests in peace, I hope."

"Did he not fall by the hand of Glendower, then?" asked the queen. "I saw him after the attack on the castle, and he died in my presence," answered De Ruthyn.

"Then he has one life less to answer for," said the queen. "I am glad that such is the case."

"Would to Heaven that Bolingbroke was as guiltless of the blood of Richard as Glendower is of Lord Gray de Ruthyn!" exclaimed Arthur.

The queen changed colour, and was quite overpowered at this unexpected turn in conversation. She ccvered her face with her hands and endeavored to hide her emotion from the young man, but she could not. Arthur saw that he had said too much, and motioned to young De Ruthyn to remain quiet. When the queen had recovered her self-possession, she said, "It is not certain whether Richard is dead or alive. You cannot charge the king with shedding the blood of one who is reported as having escaped from Pomfret Castle, and is in Scotland at the court of the king.'

"It is certain that he is dead," said Arthur; "whether he has been starved or murdered is not so certain. Either way his blood is on the head of Bolingbroke."

A sound of voices in the wood arrested their further conversation, which was followed by a rapid clash of arms, and through the openings in the trees they could discover, despite

the growing darkness, a party of men in fierce combat. The queen and the two youths crept into one of the chasms that abounded in the rocks thereabouts, and awaited the issue of events. Both Arthur and De Ruthyn could distinguish voices which betokened that some of Glendower's forces were amongst the combatants. The queen, not practiced in the Welsh language, fancied that it was Northumberland's forces who had penetrated as far south as Monmouthshire, and naturally concluded that her husband's doom was sealed. The men now came clambering over the rocks where the three were concealed, and in the twilight discovered the moving forms of the queen and those who accompanied her. They were instantly surrounded and taken prison

ers.

To be Continued.

THE EARLY WELSH SETTLERS
OF ONEIDA COUNTY, N. Y.
BY REV. ERASTMUS W. JONES, UTICA, N. Y.

In 1804 Richard Thomas and family from the parish of Lleyn in Carnarvonshire, after spending some years in Philadelphia, moved to Steuben and settled about one mile southwest of Remsen. The father soon died, leaving a widow with many children. These sons and daughters proved to be of more than ordinary talent and were highly respected. They were Daniel, Thomas, Lewis, John, Catherine and Mary. Evan remained in Wales and was celebrated for his

poetical talent. Mary died at Remsen in 1873 in her 94th year. Thomas was the father of the late Hon. Didymus Thomas of Remsen, and of John T. Thomas, recently of Utica. In the year 1806, Rev. Richard Jones came from Philadelphia to Steuben and organized the First Baptist society of that town, over which he remained a pastor for many years.