1866. There was a revival of the labor movement, and many new organizations were formed. 1864. The Cigarmakers' International Union was formed. 1866. An eight-hour bill for the benefit of Government em ployes was introduced in Congress, and finally became a law in 1868 by the signature of President Johnson. 20. 1866. First National Labor Congress met at Baltimore, August This body met annually in different cities for several years. 1869. The Knights of Labor were organized in Philadelphia. The labor movement from 1870 to the present time has been a continuous growth in the number of trades unions and increase in their membership, attended by strikes, lock-outs and settle. ments by arbitration, the agitation for labor legislation and efforts at political party organization. Congress created a National Bureau of Labor in 1884. Most of the trades unions organizations in the United States were represented at a convention held at Columbus, O., in December, 1886, when a national organization was formed, a constitution adopted and the title taken of The American Federation of Labor. This body and the Order of Knights of Labor of America (which is a secret order) are the two principal national labor organizations of the United States. THE total number of newspapers published in the world at present is estimated at about 40,000, distributed as follows; United States, 15,000; Germany, 5,500; Great Britain, 5,000, France, 4,092; Japan, 2,000; Italy, 1,400; Austria-Hungary, 1,200; Asia, exclusive of Japan, 1,000; Spain, 850; Russia, 800; Australia, 700; Greece, 600; Switzerland, 450; Holland, 300; Belgium, 300; all others, 1,000. Of these about half are printed in the English language. COAL IN THE UNITED STATES.-This country has an area of between 300,000 and 400,000 square miles of known coal fields, from which 100,000 tons is mined yearly-enough to belt the earth at the equator with a ring five and a half feet thick by five and a half feet wide. The quantity "in sight" is estimated to be sufficient to supply the whole world for a period of fifteen hundred to two thousand years. ROMAN money mentioned in the New Testament, reduced to English and American standard : A mite A farthing, about A penny, or denarius. £ s. d. far. 0 0 0 0.75 0 7 2. $ cts. 0 00 687 0 13.75 13 75. List of Motions Arranged According to their Purpose and Effect. [Letters refer to rules below.] Modifying or amending. 8. To amend or to substitute, or to divide the question To refer to committee. 7. To commit (or recommit) Deferring Action. 6. To postpone to a fixed time 4. To lay on the table Suppressing or extending debate. 5. For the previous question To limit, or close, debate To extend limits of debate Suppressing the question. Objection to consideration of question 9. To postpone indefinitely 4. To lay upon the table To bring up a question the second time. debatable question To reconsider Concerning Orders, Rules, etc. 3. For the orders of the day To make subject a special order To amend the rules To suspend the rules A E To take up a question out of its proper order Questions touching priority of business Questions of privilege. Asking leave to continue speaking after indecorum Question upon reading of papers Withdrawal of a motion Closing a meeting. 2. To adjourn (in committees, to rise), or to take a recess, without limitation 1. To fix the time to which to adjourn A А А A E F B Order of Precedence.-The motions above numbered 1 to 9 take precedence over all others in the order given, and any one of them, except to amend or substitute, is in order while a motion of a lower rank is pending. RULE A. Undebatable, but remarks may be tacitly allowed. RULE B. Undebatable if another question is before the assembly. RULE C. Limited debate allowed on propriety of postponement only. RULE D. Opens the main question to debate. Motions not so marked do not allow of reference to main question. RULE E. Cannot be amended. Motion to adjourn can be amended when there is no other business before the house. RULE F. Cannot be reconsidered. RULE G. An affirmative vote cannot be reconsidered. RULE H. In order when another has the floor. RULE I. A motion to reconsider may be moved and entered when another has the floor, but the business then before the house may not be set aside. This motion can only be entertained when made by one who voted originally with the prevailing side. called up it takes precedence of all others which may come up, excepting only motions relating to adjournment. RULE K. A motion to amend an amendment cannot be amended. When RULE L. When an appeal from the chair's decision results in a tie vote, the chair is sustained. RULE M. Requires a two-thirds vote unless special rules have been enacted. RULE N. Does not require to be seconded. GENERAL RULES. No motion is open for discussion until it has been stated by the chair. The maker of a motion cannot modify it or withdraw it after it has been stated by the chair, except by general consent. Only one reconsideration of a question is permitted. A motion to adjourn, to lay on the table, or to take from the table, cannot be renewed unless some other motion has been made in the interval. On motion to strike out the words, "Shall the words stand part of the motion?" unless a majority sustains the words, they are struck out. On motion for previous question, the form to be observed is, "Shall the main question be now put?" This, if carried, ends debate. On an appeal from the chair's decision, "Shall the decision be sustained as the ruling of the house?" The chair is generally sustained. On motion for orders of the day, "Will the house now proceed to the orders of the day?" This, if carried, supersedes intervening motions. When an objection is raised to considering questions, "Shall the question be considered?" objections may be made by any member before debate has commenced, but not subsequently. LETTER COMBINATIONS.-When King Stanislaus of Poland, then a young man, came back from a journey, the whole Lescinskian House gathered together at Lissa to receive him. The schoolmaster, Jablowsky, prepared a festival in commemoration of the event, and had it end with a ballet performed by thirteen students, dressed as cavaliers. Each had a shield, upon which one of the letters of the words "Domus Lescinia" (The Lescinskian House) was written in gold. After the first dance, they stood in such a manner that their shields read "Domus Lescinia;" after the second dance, they changed order, making it read, "Ades incolumis" (Unharmed art thou here); after the third, "Mane sidus loci" (Continue the star of this place); after the fourth, "Sis columna Dei" (Be a pillar of God); and finally, "I scande solium !" (Go! ascend the throne). Indeed, these two words allow of 1,556,755,200 transpositions; yet that four of them convey independent and appropriate meanings is certainly very curious. TO TELL PURE WATER.-The color, odor, taste and purity of water can be ascertained as follows: Fill a large bottle made of colorless glass with water; look through the water at some black object. Pour out some of the water and leave the bottle half full; cork the bottle and place it for a few hours in a warm place; shake up the water, remove the cork, and critically smell the air contained in the bottle. If it has any smell, particularly if the odor is repulsive, the water should not be used for domestic purposes. By heating the water an odor is evolved that would not otherwise appear. Water fresh from the well is usually tasteless, even if it contains a large amount of putrescible organic matter. All water for domestic purposes should be perfectly tasteless, and remain so even after it has been warmed, since warming often develops a taste in water which is tasteless when cold. HAND GRENADES.-Take chloride of calcium, crude, 20 parts; common salt, 5 parts; and water, 75 parts. Mix and put in thin bottles. In case of fire, a bottle so thrown that it will break in or very near the fire will put it out. This mixture is better and cheaper than many of the high-priced grenades sold for the purpose of fire protection. How To GET RID OF RATS.-Get a piece of lead pipe and use it as a funnel to introduce about 11⁄2 ounces of sulphide of potassium into any outside holes tenanted by rats, not to be used in dwellings. To get rid of mice use tartar emetic mingled with any favorite food; they will eat, sicken and take their leave. London, Sept. 2–6, 1666.—Eighty-nine churches, many public buildings and 13,200 houses destroyed; 400 streets laid waste; 200,000 persons homeless. The ruins covered 436 acres. New York, Dec. 16, 1835.-600 buildings; loss, $20,000,000. Sept. 6, 1839.-$10,000,000 worth of property. Pittsburgh, April 10, 1845.-1,000 buildings; loss, $6,000,000. Philadelphia, July 9, 1850.-350 buildings; loss, $1,500,000; 25 persons killed; 9 drowned; 120 wounded." St. Louis, May 4, 1851.-Large portion of the city burned; loss, $15,000,000. San Francisco, May 3-5, 1851.-2,500 buildings; loss, $3,500,ooo; many lives lost. June 22, 1851.-500 buildings; loss, $3,000,000. Santiago (Spain), Dec. 8, 1863.-A fire in the church of the Campania, beginning amid combustible ornaments; 2,000 persons killed, mostly women. Charleston, S. C., Feb. 17, 1865.-Almost totally destroyed, with large quantities of naval and military stores. Richmond, Va., April 2 and 3, 1865.-In great part destroyed by fire at time of Confederate evacuation. Portland, Me., July 4, 1866.—Almost entirely destroyed; loss, $15,000,000. Chicago, Oct. 8 and 9, 1871.-31⁄2 square miles laid waste; 17,450 buildings destroyed; 200 persons killed; 98,500 made homeless. July 14, 1874. Another great fire; loss, $4,000,000. Great forest fires in Michigan and Wisconsin, October 8-14, 1871.-2,000 lives lost. Boston, Nov. 9-11, 1872.—800 buildings; loss, $73,000,000; 15 killed. Fall River, Mass., Sept. 19, 1874.-Great factory fires; 60 per sons killed. St. John, N. B., June 21, 1876.—Loss, $12,500,000. Brooklyn Theater burned, Dec. 5, 1876.-300 lives lost. Seattle and Spokane, Wash., 1889.-About $10,000,000 each. Great Floods and Inundations. An inundation in Cheshire, England, A.D. 353-3,000 persons perished. Glasgow, A.D. 758.-More than 400 families drowned. Dort, April 17, 1421.-72 villages submerged; 100,000 people drowned. Overflow of the Severn, A.D. 1483, lasting ten days.-Men, women and children carried away in their beds, and the waters covered the tops of many mountains. General inundation in Holland, A.D. 1530.—By failure of dikes: 400,000 said to have been drowned. At Catalonia, A.D. 1617.-50,000 drowned. Johnstown, Pa., May 31, 1889.-By the bursting of a huge reservoir on the mountains, the town was almost entirely destroyed, and about 6,000 persons perished. The water in its passage to Johnstown descended about 250 feet. The theoretical velocity due to this descent would be about 127 feet per second or between 86 and 87 miles an hour. According to the best accounts from 15 to 17 minutes were occupied in the passage to Johnstown, a distance of about twelve miles. Thus the average velocity could not have been far short of 50 miles an hour. The impetus of such a mass of water was irresistible. As the flood burst through the dam it cut trees away as if they were stalks of mullein. |