new and original design for the printing of woolen, silk, cotton or other fabrics; any new and original impression. ornament, pattern, print or picture to be printed, painted, cast or otherwise placed on or worked into any article of manufacture; or any new, useful and original shape or configuration of any article of manufacture, the same not having been known or used by others before his invention or production thereof, or patented or described in any printed publication, upon payment of the fees required by law and other due proceedings had.

Every patent contains a grant to the patentee, his heirs or assigns, for the term of seventeen years, of the exclusive right to make, use and vend the invention or discovery throughout the United States and the Territories, referring to the specification for the particulars thereof.

If it appear that the inventor, at the time of making his application, believed himself to be the first inventor or discoverer, a patent will not be refused on account of the invention or discovery, or any part thereof, having been known or used in any foreign country before his invention or discovery thereof, if it had not been before patented or described in any printed publication.

Joint inventors are entitled to a joint patent; neither can claim one separately. Independent inventors of distinct and independent improvements in the same machine cannot obtain a joint patent for their separate inventions; nor does the fact that one furnishes the capital and another makes the invention entitle them to make application as joint inventors; but in such case they may become joint patentees.

The receipt of letters patent from a foreign government will not prevent the inventor from obtaining a patent in the United States, unless the invention shall have been introduced into public use in the United States more than two years prior to the application. But every patent granted for an invention which has been previously patented by the same inventor in a foreign country will be so limited as to expire at the same time with the foreign patent, or, if there be more than one, at the same time with the one having the shortest unexpired term, but in no case will it be in force more than seventeen years.

Applications.

Application for a patent must be made in writing to the Commissioner of Patents. The applicant must also file in the Patent Office a written description of the same, and of the manner and process of making, constructing, compounding and using it, in such full, clear, concise and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art or science to which it appertains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to make, construct, compound and use the same; and in case of a machine, he must explain the principle thereof, and the best mode in which he has contemplated applying that principle, so as to distinguish it from other inventions, and particularly point out and distinctly claim the part, improvement or combination which he claims as his invention or discovery. The specification and claim must be signed by the inventor and attested by two witnesses.

When the nature of the case admits of drawings, the applicant must furnish one copy signed by the inventor or his attorney in fact, and attested by two witnesses, to be filed in the Patent Office. In all cases which admit of representation by model, the applicant, if required by the Commissioner, shall furnish a model of convenient size to exhibit advantageously the several parts of his invention or dis

covery.

The applicant shall make oath that he verily believes himself to be the original and first inventor or discoverer of the art, machine, manufacture, composition or improvement for which he solicits a patent; that he does not know and does not believe that the same was ever before known or used, and shall state of what country he is a citizen. Such oath may be made before any person within the United States authorized by law to administer oaths, or, when the applicant resides in a foreign country, before any minister, charge d'affaires, consul or commercial agent,

holding commission under the Government of the United States, or before any notary public of the foreign country in which the applicant may be.

On the filing of such application and the payment of the fees required by law, if, on such examination, it appears that the claimant is justly entitled to a patent under the law, and that the same is sufficiently useful and important, the Commissioner will issue a patent therefor.

Assignments.

Every patent or any interest therein shall be assignable in law by an instrument in writing; and the patentee or his assigns or legal representatives may, in like manner, grant and convey an exclusive right under his patent to the whole or any specified part of the United States. Reissues.

A reissue is granted to the original patentee, his legal representatives, or the assignees of the entire interest when, by reason of a defective or insufficient specification, or by reason of the patentee claiming as his invention or discovery more than he had a right to claim as new, the original patent is inoperative or invalid, provided the error has arisen from inadvertance, accident or mistake, and without any fraudulent or deceptive intention. In the cases of patents issued and assigned prior to July 8, 1870, the applications for reissue may be made by the assignees; but in the cases of patents issued or assigned since that date, the applications must be made and the specifications sworn to by the inventors, if they be living.

Caveats.

A caveat under the patent law, is a notice given to the office of the caveator's claim as inventor, in order to prevent the grant of a patent to another for the same alleged invention upon an application filed during the life of the caveat without notice to the caveator.

Any citizen of the United States who has made a new invention or discovery, and desires further time to mature the same, may, on payment of a fee of $10, file in the Patent Office a caveat setting forth the object and the distinguishing characteristics of the invention, and praying protection of his right until he shall have matured his invention. Such caveat shall be filed in the confidential archives of the office and preserved in secrecy, and shall be operative for the term of one year from the filing thereof.

An alien has the same privilege, if he has resided in the United States one year next preceding the filing of his caveat, and has made oath of his intention to become a citizen.

The caveat must comprise a specification, oath, and, when the nature of the case admits of it, a drawing, and, like the application, must be limited to a single invention or improvement.

Fees.

Fees must be paid in advance, and are as follows: On filing each original application for a patent, $15. On issuing each original patent, $20. In design cases: For three years and six months, $10; for seven years. $15; for fourteen years, $3 ›. On filing each caveat, $10. On every application for the reissue of a patent, $30. On filing each disclaimer, $10. For certified copies of patents and other papers, including certified printed copies, 10 cents per hundred words. For recording every assignment, agreement, power of attorney or other paper, of three hundred words or under, $1; of over three hundred and under one thousand words, $2; of over one thousand words, $3. For copies of drawings, the reasonable cost of making them.

Greatest Known Depth of the Ocean.

The greatest known depth of the ocean is midway between the islands of Tristan d'Acunha and the mouth of the Rio de la Plata. The bottom was here reached at a depth of 46,25 feet, or eight and three-fourths miles. exceeding by more than 13,000 feet the height of Mt. Hercules, the loftiest mountain in the world. The average depth of all the oceans is from 2,000 to 3,000 fathoms.

Congress must meet at least once a year.

One State cannot undo the acts of another.

Congress may admit as many new States as desired.

The Constitution guarantees every citizen a speedy trial by jury.

Ă State cannot exercise a power which is vested in Congress alone.

One State must respect the laws and legal decisions of another.

Congress cannot pass a law to punish a crime already committed.

U. S. Senators are chosen by the legislatures of the States by joint ballot.

Bills for revenue can originate only in the House of Representatives.

A person committing a felony in one State cannot find refuge

in another.

The Constitution of the United States forbids excessive bail or cruel punishment.

Treaties with foreign countries are made by the President and ratified by the Senate.

In the U. S. Senate Rhode Island or Nevada has an equal voice with New York.

When Congress passes a bankruptcy law it annuls all the State laws on that subject.

Writing alone does not constitute treason against the United States. There must be an overt act.

Congress cannot lay any disabilities on the children of a person convicted of crime or misdemeanor.

The Territories each send a delegate to Congress, who has the right of debate, but not the right to vote.

The Vice-President, who ex-officio presides over the Senate, has no vote in that body except on a tie ballot.

An act of Congress cannot become a law over the President's veto except on a two-thirds vote of both houses.

An officer of the Government cannot accept title of nobility, order or honor without the permission of Congress.

Money lost in the mails cannot be recovered from the Government. Registering a letter does not insure its contents.

It is the House of Representatives that may impeach the President for any crime, and the Senate hears the accusation. If the President holds a bill longer than ten days while Congress is still in session, it becomes a law without his signature. Silver coin of denominations less than $1 is not a legal tender

for more than $5.00. Copper and nickel coin is not legal

tender.

The term of a Congressman is two years, but a Congressman may be re-elected to as many successive terms as his constituents may wish.

Amendments to the Constitution require a two-thirds vote of each house of Congress and must be ratified by at least threefourths of the States.

When the militia is called out in the service of the General Government, they pass out of the control of the various States under the command of the President.

The President of the United States must be 35 years of age; a U. S. Senator, 30; a Congressman, 25. The President must have been a resident of the United States fourteen years.

A grand jury is a secret tribunal, and may hear only one side It simply decides whether there is good reason to

of a case.

hold for trial. may indict.

It consists of twenty-four men, twelve of whom

A naturalized citizen cannot become President or Vice-President of the United States. A male child born abroad of American parents has an equal chance to become President with one born on American soil.

CURIOUS BY-PRODUCTS FROM COAL.-The Pittsburgh Dispatch mentions some chemical developments from coal that are new. There are a good many products from coal that the majority of the people know nothing of Their number will go into the thousands, and research into this particular branch of inorganic chemistry is bringing new and rich rewards to scientists each year One of the hydrocarbons distinctly produced from coal tar is benzole. This is the base of magenta red and blue coloring matters and of the oil of bitter almonds. This oil formerly came entirely from the vegetable product from which it takes its name but now it is, to a large extent, made from benzole, and a chemically pure product is secured. The vegetable oil of bitter almonds contains a certain amount of prussic acid, which is a poisonous substance. Toluene, or tolulo, is another product from coal tar, which is the base of a great many chemicals. Benzoic acid, which used to be made almost entirely from plants, is now readily made from toluene. Carbolic acid is another product of tolulo. The latter is a colorless fluid with a smell very much like crude petroleum, while carbolic acid and salicylic acid, two of its products, are far from being sweet-smelling compounds. Yet this same tolulo is the basis of a number of very fragrant products. Wintergreen oil, much purer than from the plant, and generally preferred by confectioners and others who use it, is one; oil of cinnamon, cinnamic acid, and oil of cloves are among the middle products which are in great demand. As yet the products of coal tar have not been made use of for medicines to any great extent, except as disinfectants, but, from experiments now going on, it is hoped to produce pure quinine from chinolene, one of the coaltar products, and scientists say that it is only a question of time when all alkaloids known, and probably others not now known, will be made from coal tar. It would take a good-sized book to even begin to give an idea of the commercial products alone of coal tar. Nearly every known color, except cochineal red and indigo blue, is made, and the latter was produced after nine years of experiment by the eminent German scientist Byer of Munich, but the manufacture was so expensive that it has never been done except for scientific purposes. The logwood and madder dyes of our grandmothers' days are rarely seen in the market now, owing to the cheapness with which they are manufactured. Red ink, which formerly was made almost exclusively from carmine, is now made from eosine, one of the numerous coal-tar progeny.

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The right to vote comes from the State, and is a State gift. Naturalization is a Federal right, and is a gift of the Union, not of any one State. In nearly one-half the Union aliens who have declared intentions vote and have the right to vote equally with naturalized or native-born citizens. In the other half only actual citizens may vote. The Federal naturalization laws apply to the whole Union alike, and provide that no alien male may be naturalized until after five years' residence. Even after five years' residence and due naturalization he is not entitled to vote unless the laws of the State confer the privilege upon him, and he may vote in one State (Minnesota) four months after landing, if he has immediately declared his intention, under United States law, to become a citizen.

Naturalization.

The conditions under and the manner in which an alien may be admitted to become a citizen of the United States are prescribed by Sections 2165-74 of the Revised Statutes of the United States.

DECLARATION OF INTENTION.-The alien must declare upon oath before a Circui or District Court of the United States, or a District or Supreme Court of the Territories, or a court of record of any of the States having common law jurisdiction, and a seal and clerk, two years at least prior to his admission, that it is, bona fide, his intention to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce forever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince or State, and particularly to the one of which he may be at the time a citizen or subject.

OATH ON APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION-He must, at the time of his application to be admitted, declare on oath, before some one of the courts above specified, "that he will support the Constitution of the United States, and that he absolutely and entirely renounces and abjures all allegiance and fidelity to every foreign prince, potentate, State or sovereignty, and particularly, by name, to the prince, potentate, State or sovereignty of which he was before a citizen or subject," which proceedings must be recorded by the clerk of the court.

CONDITIONS FOR CITIZENSHIP.-If it shall appear to the satisfaction of the court to which the alien has applied that he has resided continuously within the United States for at least five years, and within the State or Territory where such court is at the time held one year at least; and that during that time "he has behaved as a man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the same," he will be admitted to citizenship.

TITLES OF NOBILITY.—If the applicant has borne any hereditary title or order of nobility, he must make an express renunciation of the same at the time of his application.

SOLDIERS.-Any alien of the age of twenty-one years and upwards, who has been in the armies of the United States and has been honorably discharged therefrom, may become a citizen on his petition, without any previous declaration of intention, provided that he has resided in the United States at least one year previous to his application, and is of good moral character.

MINORS.-Any alien under the age of twenty-one years who has resided in the United States three years next preceding his arriving at that age, and who has continued to reside therein to the time he may make application to be admitted a citizen thereof, may, after he arrives at the age of twenty-one years, and after he has resided five years within the United States, including the three years of his minority, be admitted a citizen; but he must make a declaration on oath and prove