1-12 WEIGHT PER JOINT OF LEAD AND GASKET FOR STREET MAINS. 16-inch 66 25 66 20" 0.35 66 66 29 66 66 43 66 120 169 206 240 330 470 570 660 810 680 960 1160 1360 1670 830 1180 1680 2040 2370 2920 2630 3200 3740 4000 5270 6470 3450 4180 4860 5980 6850 8410 The maximum rainfall is about one inch per hour (except during very heavy storms-equal to 22,633 gallons an hour for each acre, or 377 gallons a minute per acre. AVOID shame, but do not seek glory-nothing so expensive as glory.-SIDNEY SMITH. THAT this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.-ABRAHAM LIN COLN. The average width of a shingle is four inches. Hence, when shingles are laid four in. to the weather each shingle averages 16 sq. in., and 900 are required for a square of roofing (100 sq. ft). If 41⁄2 in. to the weather, 800; 5 in., 720; 51⁄2 in., 655; 6 in., 600. In hip-roofs, where the shingles are cut more or less to fit the roof, 5% should be added to these figures. One thousand shingles laid four inches to the weather will require five pounds of shingle nails. Six pounds of 4d nails will lay 1000 split pine shingles. A carpenter will carry up and lay on the roof from 1,500 to 2,000 shingles per day, or two squares to two squares and a half of plain gable-roofing. The pitch of a slated roof should be about one in height to four in length. The usual lap is about 3 in., sometimes 4 in. Each slate should be fastened by two 3d slate nails, either of galvanized iron, copper or zinc. On roofs of gas-houses the nails should be of copper or yellow metal. The sides and bottom edges of roof slates should be trimmed, and the nail-holes punched as near the head as possible. When slates are not of uniform size they should be sorted, and the smallest placed near the ridge. In a first-class slate roof the top course on ridge, and the slate from two to four feet from gutters, and one foot each way from valleys and hips, should be bedded in elastic cement. Roof-boards for slate roofs should be covered with one or two thicknesses of tarred felt roofing paper before slates are laid. Dry or rosin-sized felt should not be used on roofs. Number of Slates per Square. Number of Shingles Required in a Roof. To the square foot, it takes 9 if exposed 4 inches; 8 if exposed 41⁄2 inches, and 7 1-5 if exposed 5 inches to the weather. Find the number of shingles required to cover a roof 38 ft. long and the rafters on each side 14 ft. Shingles exposed 41⁄2 inches. 28X38=1064 (sq. ft.) X8=8512 shingles. Ans. To find the length of rafters, giving the roof one-third pitch, take three-fifths of the width of the building. If the building is 30 feet wide, they must be 18 feet long, exclusive of projection. A tin roof, properly put on, and kept painted, will last thirty years. It ought not to be painted for the first time until it has been on about thirty days, so as to get the grease off the tin, and all the rosin should be carefully scraped off. It is sometimes necessary, on buildings where there is much dampness or steam, as stables, blacksmith shops, round-houses, etc., to paint the roof tin one coat on the under side before laying. Tin roofs should be laid with cleats, and not by driving the nails through the tin itself. There are two kinds of tin-"bright tin," the coating of which is all tin, that is, the tin proper; and "tern," "leaded,' or "roofing" tin, the coating of which is a composition, part tin and part lead. This last is a little cheaper, and will not rust any quicker, but the sulphur in soft coal smoke eats through the "leaded" coating sooner than through the "tinned." There are two sizes of tin, 10x14 and 14x20, and two grades of thickness-IC light, and IX, heavy. For a steep roof (one-sixth pitch or over) the IC 14x20 tin (“leaded” if high up where little smoke will get to it; "bright" if low down), put on with a standing groove, and with the cross-beams put together with a double lock, makes as good a roof as can be made. For flat roofs IX 10x14 "light" is best, laid with cleats, but the others make good roofs and any of them will last 25 years at least. NUMBER OF SQUARE FEET A BOX OF ROOFING TIN WILL COVER. For flat seam roofing, using 1⁄2-inch locks, a box of "14x20" size will cover about 192 square feet, and for standing seam, using 3-inch locks and turning 14 and 11⁄2 inches edges, making 1-inch standing seams, it will lay about 168 square feet. For flat seam roofing, using 1⁄2-inch locks, a box of "28x20" size will cover about 399 square feet, and for standing seam, using 3-inch locks and turning 14 and 11⁄2 inches edges, making 1-inch standing seams, it will lay about 365 square feet. I Every box of roofing plates (IC or IX "14x20" or "28x20" sizes) contains 112 sheets. Facts About Gas. A cubic foot of good gas, from a jet one thirty-third of an inch in diameter and a flame of four inches, will burn 65 minutes. Internal lights require four cubic feet, and external lights about five cubic feet, per hour. Large or Argand burners will require from six to ten feet. In distilling 56 pounds of coal, the volume of gas produced in cubic feet, when the distillation was effected in three hours, was 41.3; in seven hours, 37.5; in twenty hours, 33.5; in twenty-five hours, 31.7. A retort produces about 600 cubic feet of gas in five hours, with a charge of about one and a half cwt. of coal, or 2,800 cubic feet in twenty-four hours. [369] Painters' work is generally estimated by the square yard, and the cost depends on the number of coats applied, quality of work and material to be painted. One coat, or priming, will take, per 100 yards of painting, 20 pounds of lead and 4 gallons of oil. Two-coat work, 40 pounds of lead and 4 gallons of oil. Three-coat, the same quantity as two-coat; so that a fair estimate for 100 yards of three-coat work would be 100 pounds of lead and 16 gallons of oil. One gallon priming color will cover 50 superficial yards; white zinc, 50 yds.; white paint, 44 yds.; lead color, 50 yds.; black paint, 50 yds.; stone color, 44 yds.; yellow paint, 44 yds.; blue color, 45 yds.; green paint, 45 yds.; bright emerald green, 25 yds.; bronze green, 75 yds. One pound of paint will cover about 4 superficial yards the first coat, and about 6 each additional coat. One pound of putty, for stopping, every 20 yards. One gallon of tar and 1 lb. of pitch will cover 12 yards superficial the first coat, and 17 yards each additional coat. A square yard of new brick wall requires, for the first coat of paint in oil, 3/4 lb.; for the second, 3 lbs.; for the third, 4 lbs. A day's work on the outside of a building is 100 yards of first coat, and So yds. of either second or third coat. An ordinary door, including casings, will, on both sides, make 8 to 10 yds. of painting, or about 5 yds. to a door without the casings. Än ordinary window makes about 2 or 3 yds. WINDOW GLASS is sold by the box, which contains, as nearly as possible, 50 sq. ft., whatever the size of the panes. The thickness of ordinary, or "single thick" window glass is about onesixteenth of an inch, and of "double thick" nearly 1 in. The tensile strength of common glass varies from 2,000 to 3,000 lbs. per sq. in., and its crushing strength from 6,000 to 10,000 lbs. Where SKYLIGHTS are glazed with clear or double thick glass, it may be used in lengths of from 16 to 30 in. by a width of from 9 to 15 in. A lap of at least an inch and a half is necessary for all joints. This is the cheapest mode of glazing. The best, however, for skylight purposes is fluted or rough plate glass. The following thicknesses are recommended as proportionate to sizes: 12x48, 3-16 in.; 15x60, 1⁄4 in.; 20x100, 3⁄41⁄2 in.; 94x156, 1⁄2 in. POLISHED FRENCH PLATE WINDOW GLASS, which is the highest grade of window glass in the market, may be obtained in lights ranging in size from one inch square upwards. Owing to the extra cost of rolling large lights the price of these per square foot is sometimes double that of smaller lights. FAITH is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things unseen.-NEW TESTAMENT. |