(1) CLIMATE.-In Canada the climate is excessive-the heat of summer and the cold of winter being much greater than in corresponding latitudes in Europe-dryness of the air and absence of high winds greatly moderate the severity of winter, and render the climate salubrious and conducive to lengthen human life; dangerous epidemics are almost unknown, people troubled with affection of the lungs enjoy better health than in Britain; sky pure, and fogs seldom seen; winter begins in Lower Canada in November and ends in April; in Upper Province it is shorter ; on borders of Great Lakes winter is milder than in the interior; the St. Lawrence is generally frozen for five months in the year. In British Columbia, embracing all British America west of the Rocky Mountains, the climate is very moist in summer and extremely cold in winter ; in elevated interior snow blocks up the mountain passes from October to July. In Hudson's Bay, or North-West Territory at Fort York, the winter cold is intense, the thermometer descending so low as 50° below zero, brandy freezing into a solid substance, in rooms with a constant fire. Newfoundland Coast much subject to fogs, no doubt from the condensation of the vapour from the warmer sea. (2) PRODUCTIONS.-Animals-Fur-bearing, such as bear, wolf, fox, lynx, etc. Carriboa-deer in vast herds in Newfoundland, to which island the Newfoundland dog is peculiar. Two remarkable features in Canadian bird-life :-1, Birds are all destitute of song; 2, The stated migration of birds in immense crowds to and from the Arctic regions. Domestic animals comprise horses, sheep, swine, and poultry; seas, bays, and rivers swarm with fish; 'bank of Newfoundland' long celebrated for its cod. Game of all kinds abound in the whole territory. Minerals. All the known useful minerals are found in this vast region. Gold in British Columbia and Nova Scotia ; copper in Lake Huron and Lake Superior very valuable; maritime provinces of Canada comprise inexhaustible supplies of coal and ironstone, building and other stone of all descriptions. Vegetables.-Wheat of the finest quality grown in the greatest abundance, apples and cider exported, sugar from maple tree, all the home fruits, etc., grown in Canada. Great forests of timber produce "lumber," which is the source of great wealth, especially in New Brunswick. Hemp and flax are indigenous to the soil, and can be grown profitably in many parts. Agriculture is now taking the place of the original timber trade, which, however, still forms the most valuable branch of commerce. SECOND PAPER. One hour allowed for Females. Two hours and a half allowed for Males. History. I. What British prince early in the sixth century checked the extension of Wessex? Give place and date of a battle won by him. In 495 a body of Saxons, under Cerdic and his son, founded the Kingdom of Wessex ; but in 520 the British prince, Arthur, defeated the Saxons at Badbury, in Dorsetshire, and checked for a whole generation their advance westwards. 2. How came Richard I. to be taken captive by the Duke of Austria? Narrate the circmstances. Richard I., in his hurry to get home from the Crusades, had left his fleet and gone on as a private traveller. Having been wrecked on the coast of the Adriatic, he made his way in disguise into Austria, where he was seized by Leopold, Duke of that country, who had been insulted by Richard during the Crusade. The Duke sold him to the Emperor, Henry VI., who did not release him till such a heavy ransom was paid that every Englishman had to give a fourth of his goods. 3. Mention names and dates of the most famous battles between English and French from Edward III. to Henry VI. Battle of Crecy, fought 1346, gained by Edward III. Composition. Write full notes of a lesson on simple geometrical forms. Notes of a lesson on Simple geometrical forms.' I.-Class provided with slates and pencil, and seated in front of blackboard-two points made-ask pupils to join them with the shortest line possible-this called a straight or right linejoin points with other lines not straight but curved-two straight lines drawn side by side, neither approaching nor receding from each other-these parallel straight lines two lines drawn to form a corner, such corner called an angle one line standing upright on another, said to be at right angles-a ruler may be made to do duty as a moving line to show the formation of angles as acute or obtuse. II. Ask for a figure made with three lines-compare this with the triangle of a musical band-question on number of sides and angles-sides may be all of same length-two may be equal -or all unequal-give names equilateral, isosceles—angles may be all equal, &c. After exhausting triangles, proceed to foursided figures ask for objects having four lines bounding themshow figures with opposite sides parallel-explain parallelogram -square with four sides equal, and angles, right angles-show oblong or rectangle and so proceed to other four-sided figures, asking for examples of each at every step. III.-Make a point on board, and place many points equally distant from it round it-ask for objects of a similar shape, as wheels, coins, &c.-question on position of the first with respect to the others--and give the names circle and centre-draw lines from the centre to the points in the circumference (which explain) -the lines resembling spokes of a wheel-or rays-radii (explain) --and finish lesson with diameter, semicircle, arc, chord, &c. NOTE. During the lesson the pupils should follow on slates the work of the teacher on the blackboard, and each new word should be printed clearly, and the class practised in the pronunciation of these terms. Euclid. [All generally understood abbreviations for words may be used.] 1. Name the different parts of which every proposition consists. What is the distinction between a direct and an indirect demonstration? Every proposition, when complete, may be divided into six parts : (1) The proposition or general enunciation, stating in general (3) The determination contains the predicate in particular (4) The construction applies the postulates to prepare the diagram for the demonstration. (5) The demonstration shows the possibility or impossibility of the problem, and the truth or falsehood of the theorem in the particular case exhibited by the diagram. (6) The conclusion is merely the repetition of the general enunciation wherein the predicate is asserted as a demonstrated truth. A demonstration is said to be direct when the predicate is inferred directly from the premisses, as the conclusion of a series of successive deductions. When a result is established by showing that some absurdity follows from supposing the required result to be untrue, the demonstration is called indirect. 2. If two triangles have two sides of the one equal to two sides of the other, each to each, and have likewise their bases equal the angle which is contained by the two sides of the one shall be equal to the angle contained by the two sides equal to them of the other. : See Prop. VIII. Bk. I. 3. If one side of a triangle be produced, the exterior angle is greater than either of the interior opposite angles. See Prop. XVI. Bk. I. Grammar, 'O, my Lord, Press not a falling man too far; 'tis virtue : His faults lie open to the laws; let them, Not you, correct him. My heart weeps to see him So little of his great self.'-SHAKSPERE. 1. Analyse the above passage as far as 'correct him'; and parse the words in italics. Sentence Kind of Subject. Predicate. Object. Sentence. Exten sion. (a) O, my Lord, press principal not a falling man too far (thou) my lord press not a falling man * too far (deg.) b) Subord of it reason to is virtue (a) "Tis virtue Lord-noun proper, mas., sing., vocative case, or nom, of address. let-trans. verb., irreg. let, let, let, imper. 2nd pers. sing. correct-trans. reg. verb, pres. infinitive gov. by let. little-adj. predicative of him. of-prep. gov. obj. case self. his poss. adj. limiting self. self-noun neut. sing. obj. by of. 2. Give the full meaning of the passage: My Lord be not too harsh with a man who is on the road to ruin, for gentleness towards him would be a virtue. Let the wrong that he has done be judged by the laws, for they should deal out his punishment, and not you. I am grieved to see that he has lost so much of his former greatness, both of place and of principle. The lines of latitude and longitude are useful in fixing the positions of places exactly as they are on the earth itself. They form, in fact, a complete set of guiding lines for drawing a correct representation of parts of the earth. 2. Give notes of a lesson on The Isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea.' Notes of a lesson on The Isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea.' I. Where located.-The isthmus forms the connection between Asia and Africa; Red Sea lies between them; the isthmus separates the Red Sea from the Mediterranean, while the Red Sea, by means of the Suez Canal, connects the waters of the Mediterranean with those of the Arabian Sea. II. (a) Description of Isthmus.-Seventy-two miles broad; surface generally sandstone, which has in many places been ground to sand; not level, but having many depressions occupied by salt marshes or lakes, the most notable being Abu Ballah Lake, Lake Temsah, and the Bitter Lakes; it is almost entirely destitute of drinkable water; ancient canal used to connect the waters of the Nile with the Red Sea. The well-known Suez Canal, constructed by M. de Lesseps, is just 100 miles long; large artificial harbour at upper end, of 500 acres. from which town canal passes through Lake Menzaleh, a shallow At Port Saïd, swamp, then through Kantara cutting three miles, through Ballah Lake, through a portion of a plateau eight miles long. through Lake Temsah, where stands the flourishing town of Ismailia, through nine miles of dry land, through the Bitter Lakes, through a further portion of seventeen miles of land and dried-up lakes, where it reaches Suez, where all the necessary piers, docks, etc., have been constructed. And we now have a III. Description of the Red Sea.-A branch of the Indian Ocean, connected with it by Straits of Babelmandeb, from which to the Isthmus of Suez it is 1,400 miles; breadth is nowhere more than 230 miles; at north end are two branches called Gulfs of Suez and Akaba, separated by the Peninsula of Sinai. Character. Very deep, in some places 230 fathoms; navigation difficult on account of numerous reefs and sandbanks; subject to sudden changes of wind, and S.E. monsoon blows for eight months, and the N.W. during the remainder of the year; said to be named on account of red animalcula found at certain seasons in the many coral reefs which run parallel to the shore. History and use. First mentioned in connection with the Israelites; in time of Solomon the advantages of its navigation seem to have been well understood; discovery of passage to India nearly destroyed for a time the commerce and navigation of the Red Sea, but by the construction of the fore-mentioned canal English steam packets are now constantly passing and repassing. By the purchase of the Khedive's shares in the Suez Canal the British Government secured in great measure a short water-way to their Indian dominions. By the Restoration of the Stuarts is meant the abolition of the government of the Commonwealth and the return to a Monarchy by the recall of Charles II. to the throne of England, 1660. It was brought about in the following way, The military government which the officers under General John Lambert had set up in London not only dissatisfied Monk, the Commander of the English army in Scotland, but the fleet, the people, and even the soldiers. Fairfax, co-operating with Monk, mustered his friends, and so far were things successful that Monk on his return to London declared for a free Parlia ment, an announcement that was received with the greatest joy. The members' purged' by Pride took their seats, and Parliament, after issuing writs for a general election, decreed its own dissolution. The new Parliament, called a Convention, met 25th April, 1660. Monk had been keeping Charles well informed of all that was going on, and the latter issued a Declaration from Breda. Eight days after the issue of this Declaration, Charles II. was proclaimed King, and on May 29, amid the greatest enthusiasm, he returned to London, which event has been styled the Restoration of the Monarchy 2. When and how did England win Canada? During the Seven Years' War, in September, 1759, James Wolfe, a young general of Pitt's choosing, having scaled the almost inac cessible heights on which Quebec stands, surprised the French under Montcalm, and completely defeated them. Both generals were killed, Wolfe falling in the moment of victory. Five days after, Quebec capitulated, and as this fortress was the key to Canada, within a year the colony was in the hands of the British. 3. Who reigned immediately before our Queen? What famous Acts of Parliament passed in that reign in reference to Reform and to Slavery? William IV. reigned immediately before our Queen. During his reign a Reform Bill was passed, June 7, 1832, by which fifty-six boroughs were disfranchised, and forty-three new ones, together with thirty county constituencies, were created. A £10 householder got the right of voting in boroughs, and the right in counties was extended from forty-shilling freeholders to copyholders, leaseholders, and tenants of premises of certain values. In August, 1833, an Act for the Abolition of Slavery was passed, by which twenty millions sterling were to be paid by this country in compensation to slaveholders in the British Dominions for setting free their slaves. [All generally understood abbreviations for words may be used.] 1. If a straight line fall upon two parallel straight lines, it makes the alternate angles equal to one another; and the exterior angle equal to the interior and opposite upon the same side; and likewise the two interior angles upon the same side together equal to two right angles. See Prop. XXIX., Bk. I. 2. Straight lines bisecting two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are at right angles to one another. Let ABC, BCD two adjacent angles equal to two right angles, (I. to of the parallelogram straight lines BE, CE. By I. 28 the angles ABC, BCD are gether equal to two right angles, and therefore EBC, ECB being less than two right angles, EB, EC will meet. Let them meet in E; then EBC, ECB are together equal to one right angle, and since the three angles of every triangle are together 32) therefore the remaining angle Q. E. D. 3. Triangles upon equal bases and between the same parallels are equal to one another. See Prop. XXXVIII. Bk. I. Algebra. 1. Frove the rule for finding the least common multiple of two expressions. Find it for x2-3x+2, x2- 5x+6, and x2 - 4x+3 (a) Rule to find the L. C. M. of two expressions :-Divide the product of two expressions by their G. C. M. Proof:-Let A and. B denote the two expressions, and D their greatest common measure. Suppose A=aD and B=bD. Then from the nature of he greatest common measure a and b have no common factor, and therefore their least common multiple is ab. Hence the expression of lowest dimensions which is divisible by aD, and ¿D is abD. And abD=Ab=Ba=AB. D Hence the rule given above; otherwise, Divide either expression by the G. C. M., and multiply the other by it. (b) (1) x2 − 3x+2 = (x − 2) (x − 1) 2. Solve the equations : (1) 62 = = a2 + c = £104 £100 2. What is meant by 'insurance'? 1200 15s. 82188d. Ans. What is the insurance on £7285 at £2 7s. 6d. per cent.? And if the rate of insurance be £1 6s. 4d. per cent., for what sum is an individual insured who pays an annual premium of £29 10s.? (a) Insurance is a contract by which one party on being paid a certain sun or premium by another party on property which is subject to risk, undertakes, in case of loss to make good to the owner the value of the property. The premium is usually charged at so much per cent. (b) (c) 3. If I lay out £1270 in the 3 per cents. at 92, and sell ont after allowing the dividends to accumulate for 2 years, and then find myself the richer by £147 10s., at what price do I sell out? Give your answer in decimals to four places. £ £ Total increase of capital=147=147}# 1270 × 3 Two years' dividends 92 3). x2 = £ =L38+*=82!$=82}} Difference of capital to be made by sale 65 :. £1270: £(1270+657%) :: £92: selling price required £92*5 × 13357% — 18·5 × 98799 _ *5 × 98799 – = 254 × 2 'Tell me not in mournful numbers, For the soul is dead that slumbers, 1. How many kinds of sentences are there in the above? Point them out, and analyse fully the noun sentence. The sentences in the above are as follows: (1) Tell me not in mournful numbers (Principal) (2) Life is but an empty dream (noun sent. subord. to (1) ) (3) For the soul is dead (Prin. sent. caus. to (1) and (2)) (4) That slumbers (adj. sent. subord. to (3) ) (5) And things are not (the things) (Prin. cop. with (3) and caus. to (1) and (2) ) (6) What they seem (adj. sent. subord, to (5) ). Analysis of Noun Sentence. 2. Comment on what and but in the above passage. What in the above is a relative with its antecedent understood. It is generally called a compound relative, although the word is not compound. Perhaps the better way is to consider it as a simple relative with its antecedent understood. It is used as an adjective, as What kind is it?' and as an interrogative, as 'What do you say?' But in such connections as the above is usually considered as an adverb, meaning 'only.' This construction is said to have arisen from the improper omission of a negative. The sentence in full would be 'Life is not a dream, but being, i.e., except being an empty dream,' But is also an adversative conjunction, as 'John reads, but James plays,' a relative There is no one but (= who not) loves to be praised' and a preposition, as 'They all fled but him.' 3. What are the proper prepositions to use after difference, agree, averse, compared. With difference is used between, e.g. Find the difference between these two numbers. With agree are used with, and to, e.g. I agree with you (person). I agree to your proposals. With averse is used to, e.g. I am averse to that proceeding. With compared are used to, and with, e.g. He compared anger to a fire. He compared this picture with that. 4. Show in what respects our language affords evidence of the different races which have inhabited this country. Our language affords evidences of the different races whic have inhabited this country from the traces of their language found in every-day words, but especially in the names of places: For example we have traces Of the Celts in Kent, Avon, Ouse, Dee, Derwent, Pen-y-gant, etc. Of the Romans in Stratford, Lincoln, Chester, Doncaster, Tadcaster. Of the Danes in Grimsby, Scawfell, Stockgill Force, Langholm, Wansbeck. French had a greater hold on the upper classes; and in Law Courts to this day, the royal assent to Bills is announced in Parliament in the French words Le Roi, or La reine le veut. The O Yes of the Crier is a relic of the French ouiez! hear! I. Give notes of a lesson to an advanced class on The lines of latitude and longitude, as shown on a globe, their meaning and their usefulness.' Draw a map of South America, with the lines inserted, and refer to this map at each point of the lesson. Notes of a lesson on Latitude and Longitude, as shown on a globe.' Meaning-Examine a globe-lines are found drawn from top to bottom, and round it— the important one round the middle, named the Equator-8 lines parallel to that above and 8 below -all circles, getting smaller as they near the poles-Explain why called parallels of latitude show in degrees, minutes, seconds (division of circles' to be explained), the distance of places reckoned in degrees, 1° to 90° from Equator-places above being in north latitude-places below in south latitude; look for these remarkable parallels, tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, Arctic and Antarctic circles (these terms to be explained).— Lines drawn from N. to S., called meridians (why?) all same size all great circles (why?) being all the same, a special one chosen to reckon from, called a first meridian '-places reckoned at so many degrees, etc. E. or W. of first meridian, till they meet at 180°-the British choose for their first meridian, the one passing through Greenwich Observatory; the French, the one through Paris. Other countries, generally the one passing through the capital. (The Knot, geographical or nautical mile, to be explained as one minute or 21,600th part of earth's circumference at the equator.) Usefulness of these lines.-Show that the position of a place cannot be settled by one line; but by the crossing of the lines any place can be fixed with the greatest accuracy. Give exercises at first in finding places whose latitude and longitude present little difficulty. Show the convenience of these lines in fixing the place of a shipwreck in mid-ocean, and hence a means of filling charts when latitudes and longitudes have been got-the service of these cross-lines to the navigator, who with proper instruments, can determine at any time his position in degrees, etc., N. or S. of the équator, and how many degrees, etc., E. or W. of Greenwich. Instance the danger of losing the reckoning. 2. Describe fully the islands of Sicily, Iceland, Java, and Madagascar. Sicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean, separated from Italy by the straits of Messina. It is triangular, in shape, its former name being Trinacria or Three-cornered,' its extreme length being 185 miles, and greatest breadth 120 miles. It is mountainous, the groups extending across the island from N.E. to S.W. Towards the eastern coast rises the detached group of Etna, at whose base lies the plain of Catania, the largest in the island. Few of the rivers flow continuously all the year, and none are navigable. Sicily has only two lakes. The sea around the coast abounds with fish of various kinds, the most |