the set of powerful muscles below the knee, which are required for the working of the foot, these hinder hands cannot be placed flat upon the ground; an erect position is therefore rendered impossible. In fact, when an ape endeavours to stand upright, the feet can only be placed sideways upon the ground. The movements are consequently so awkward and uncertain that the animal is obliged to assist itself in its progress by its arms, which are of such length that the fingers almost touch the ground when their owner is standing in as erect a position as he is able to assume. The Orang-outan, indeed, one of the large apes, always uses these long arms as crutches when walking easy grace and agility which are as much opposed to its former ungainly motions, as are the evolutions of a swan when swimming from the movements of the same In both bird when it essays to travel upon dry land. cases, one would hardly recognise the awkward, clumsy animal for the agile, graceful creature which it subsequently proves to be; and even Caliban and Ariel are hardly more widely different both in movements and appearance, than is the monkey upon land from the monkey in the trees. With the large apes, however, the difference is not so noticeable as with some of the smaller animals of the group-such, for example, as the Gibbons, their upon a level surface, placing the knuckles of the hands upon the ground, and swinging the body between them. Unfitted as is this structure, which is common in a greater or less degree to nearly all the monkeys, for locomotion upon land, it is not so for their movements in their natural home, namely, the forest. The immense strength of the arms, the hand-like structure of the hinder feet, and even the very form and attitude of the body, are as much adapted to an arboreal life as they are unsuited for an existence spent upon the ground. Look at a monkey upon a level surface, for instance, as it travels awkwardly along, seeming, indeed, scarcely to know what to do with its limbs. Look at the same creature when it has gained the branches of some tree, and is making its way from bough to bough with an huge weight and clumsy form debarring them from progressing among the branches with the speed and agility exhibited by monkeys more delicately and gracefully formed. The structure of the head, more than all else, bears witness to the wide gulf separating the man from the beast. The jaws form the most prominent feature, protruding far in advance of any other part of the face; the teeth are more aptly to be described by the word 'tusks'; the nostrils are placed flat upon the face, the nose, which gives so much expression to the human countenance, being altogether wanting; and, more especially, the brain is very small in proportion to the other parts of the frame. Naturally, the reasoning powers are developed only in a corresponding degree. Elocution, Millard's Grammar of, 361 English Grammar, Morrison's, 359 English Grammar, Notes of Lessons on, 403 English Language and Literature, Outline of History of, 402 Etymological Dictionary, Chambers's, 108 Graduated Exercises for St. VI., 563 Meiklejohn's Standard Grammar, Primer of Eng. Grammar, 516 Anabasis of Xenophon, Bk. I., 263 HISTORY. Monograph, The: A Collection of Indexed Essays, 263 Müller's Outlines of Hebrew Syntax, 107 Scale of Nations, 311 Sectional Paper for Sewing, 401 Day School Song Book, Johnson's, 359 Songs for Little Singers, 565 Longman's Magazine, 564 Our Little Ones, 108, 264, 362, 401, 457, 516 Oxford Examiner, 106, 263 Thrift, 156 Universal Instructor, 264, 516 Wesleyan Methodist S. S. Magazine, 562 POETRY. Baby's Museum, 564 Cat and Dog Stories, as told to one Dolly Dear, 564 Facing Death, 511 Fairy Tales for Children, 563 Four Little Mischiefs, 561 Heroes of Maritime Discovery, 562 In the Temperate Regions, 514 Landseer Series of Picture-Books, 563 Lamb's Tales from Shakspere, 262 Lost in the Backwoods, 514 Maria Wuz and Lorentz Stark, 156 New Light through Old Windows, 510 Our Dolly, 511 Plutarch's Lives for Everyday Readers, 262 Ralph's Year in Russia, 514 Recent Expeditions to Eastern Polar Seas, 514 Stories of Old Renown, 561 St. Aubyn's Laddie, 564 Tales from the Edda, 513 Tales of the Olden Times, 513 The Belton Scholarship, 564 True to Himself, 513 Under Drake's Flag, 511 Wee Babies, 516 Winners in Life's Race, 512 Won from the Waves, 563 Wonderful Ghost Story, 563. READING Books. Blackie's Graded Readers, 156 Chambers' Graduated Readers, 212 English History Readers, Mar shall's, 402 First Historical Reader (Isbister), 154 Fifth Illustrated Reader (Long- Geographical Readers, I. and II., Sixth, 454 Blackie's Historical Readers (Chambers), 263 Historical Reader, II. (Blackie), 560 Historical Reader, III. (Blackie), 560 Historical Reader, III. (Chambers), 561 Jarrold's Empire Readers, 108 Adair, H., lvi., cx, clxiv, ccxviii, cclxvi, cccxiv, ccclxviii, ccccxiv. Allen and Co., cccclxix, dxxiii. Allman and Son, ccxix, dxxvii. Antoine, Professor, cccclxxi, dxxv, dlxxiii. Austing and Sons, cxii, dlxxiv. Banks and Ashwell, lvii, clxiv, dxxvii, dlxxiii. Birkbeck Bank, Ivi, cx, clxiv, ccxix, cclxvii, cccxvi, ccclxxi, ccccxvi, cccclxx, dxxiii, dlxxii. Bisson, Borman and Co., dlxxi. Blackwood, James, and Co., dxxiv. Blanchard, W. A. C. P., dxxvi. Brodie and Middleton, lvi, cx, clxiv, ccxix, cclxvii, CCCXVI, ccclxxii, ccccxv, cccclxx, dxxiv, dlxxii. Cantab, cccxvi. Chambers, W. and R., lvii, cxi, Cox and Co., cclxv, cccxiii, ccclxvii, ccccxiv, cccclxx, dxxiv, dlxxi. Darlow and Co., lv, clxiii, cclxv, ccclxvii, ccccxiii, cccclxix, dxxiii, dlxxi. Educational Company, clxiv, cccxiv, ccclxviii. Edwards, H. and G., cclxvii, cccxv, ccclxxi, ccccxvi, cccclxxi, dxxv. Eyre and Spottiswoode, clxviii. Finsbury Training College, cccxv, cccclxxi, dxxv, dlxxiii. Frost, Miss, ccxx, dxxiii. Gill, George, and Sons, lix, ccccxiii. Hampton, C., and Co., cclxviii. Harrison and Son, lvi, cxi, ccxvii, cclxviii, cccxv. Hawes, G. E., lvi, cx, clxiii, ccxviii, cclxvi, cccxiv, ccclxviii, ccccxiv, cccclxxi, dxxv, dlxxiii. Heywood, John, ccccxix, cccclxxi, dxxv, dlxxvi. Hodder and Stoughton, 412 Holden and Co., ccxix, cclxviii, cccxv, ccclxxii, ccccxv, cccclxx, dxxvi. Hughes, Joseph, lvii, lix, lxiii, cxi, cxii, clxv, clxvii, clxviii, ccxix, ccxx, ccclxxii, ccccxvii, ccccxviii, cccclxvii, cccclxviii, cccclxxiv, dxxvii, dxxviii, dxxix, dxxx, dlxxv, dlxxvii. Isbister, W., ccccxv. Jarrold and Sons, liv, Jennings, James, ccccxiv, cccclxxii, dxxvi, dlxxiii. Johnson, William, cclxvii, cccxv, ccclxxi, ccccxvi, cccclxx. Keefe, J., lv, cix, clxiii, ccxvii, cclxv, cccxiii, ccclxvii, ccccxv, cccclxx, dxxiv, dlxxii. Kegan Paul, French, and Co., cix. Laurie, Thomas, lxi. Letts, Son, and Co., dxxiii, dlxxi. London Scholastic Trading Co., CCCCXV. Longmans and Co., lvii, lxii, cx, cxi, clxvii, ccxix, cclxviii, cccxv, cccxvi, ccclxxi, ccccxiii, ccccxv, ccccxvi, cccclxxii, dxxvi, dxxxi, dlxxii. Macniven and Cameron, cccclxxi, dxxv, dlxxiii. Marshall, J. and Co., cccclxxiv. Midland Educational Co., cclxviii, cccxvi, ccclxxi. Mixer, J., and Co., cix, clxiii, ccxvii, cclxv, cccxiii, ccclxvii, cccclxix, dxxvi, dlxxii. Moon, J. F., M.C.P., dlxxv. Murby, Thomas, clxviii, 216, 366 cccclxxv. Murray, J., Ixiv, ccclxix, ccclxx. Nelson, T., and Sons, 212, 570 Perry and Co., Ivi, cx, clxiv, ccxvii, cclxv, cccxiii, dlxxi. Philip, G., and Son, lviii, 108, 162, 264, cccclxxiii, dlxxix. Poole, W., ccxvii. Scholastic Musical Instrument Co., lv, cix, clxiii, ccxvii, cclxv, cccxiii, ccclxvii, ccccxv, cccclxix, dxxiv, dlxxii. Scholastic Sewing Machine Co., Ivii, cxi, cclxvii, cccxv. Scientific Agency Co., lv. Simpkin, Marshall, and Co., Ivi, lvii, lix, cix, cx, cxii, clxiv, clxviii, ccxviii, ccxix, cclxvi, cclxvii, cccxiii, cccxiv, CCCXV, ccclxviii,ccclxxi, ccclxxii, ccccxiii, ccccxiv, ccccxvi, cccclxx, cccclxxii, dxxiv, dxxvi, dxxvii, dlxxii, dlxxiv. Smith and Co., G. W., lix. Smith, Elder, and Co., cccclxix, cccclxxvi, dlxxx. South Kensington Fine Art Association, cccclxvii. St. Bride's Fancy Goods Store, 522 Stiles, G., and Co., ccxix, cclxviii, cccxv, ccclxxi, ccccxvi, cccclxx, dxxvi, dlxxiii. Swan, Sonnenschein, and Co., ccclxvii, cccclxxii, dĺxxviii. Thomas, S., clxvi. Walker and Co., J., lv, ccccxix. Wesleyan Methodist Sunday-school Union, lx, dxxxii. Westminster School Book Depôt, ccxvii, dlxxii. Wilcox, Rev. A. M., lvii, cxi, V.-The following Firms have Advertised on the Wrappers of this Volume. W. H. Allen and Co. W, and R. Chambers. G. Gill and Sons Longmans, Green, and Co. without prudence, a zeal without discretion, and a theory without practice, are all bad; but they are especially so in the arena which belongs to the properly educated medical man. It follows, therefore, that nothing is put forward here which is intended to It is proposed to consider this part of our subject supersede the necessity for medical advice when it can under three heads, all of which are connected with a departure from a proper condition of health, and may be common to all schools, and which require immediate attention on the part of those in authority. These departures may be general or particular, may apply to considerable numbers of children at one and the same time, or be personal only to one or more as being caused by one's own or another person's act. The measures to be taken by the teachers have reference to the prevention of disease or accident, as well as to the removal of their incidence when they do arise. They separate themselves into School Hygiene, or measures connected with the subject of infectious disease; School Surgery; and a less important division, which includes simple instruction upon Medicine, and is connected more directly with disturbances of health, especially those which are trivial and do not require medical attendance. are School Hygiene includes a consideration of the measures requisite to prevent the admission of infectious diseases, to prevent their extension when they unfortunately admitted, and to remove them from the precincts of the school as soon as possible after admission, so as to avoid the necessity for closing the establishment altogether. Under the head of School Surgery we shall consider the accidents which more properly belong to school life; and also the emergencies which are of frequent occurrence, and which render a knowledge of the principles which ought to be followed absolutely necessary on the part of those in authority, so that no mischief may be done before the surgeon, who may have been summoned, can possibly appear upon the scene; and lastly, we have the simple principles of household medicine, which should be known to all men and women who are heads of establishments, and especially to those who have a number of young people under their care. Nimia cura medici, which some people are supposed to require, and which uneducated people too often indulge in, does more harm than good. A knowledge VOL. II. be obtained, but only to provide for emergencies when no doctor is at hand, and when attention is wanted immediately, or in which it is important that the school authority should know how to act when such emergency does arise, and when action must be immediate. These rules are based upon those which every properly educated medical practitioner will be sure to follow upon his arrival on the scene, and there will be so much time gained, either in preventing mischief from accident, in arresting the progress of infectious disorder by taking time by the forelock, and preventing altogether the necessity for further medical aid, Prevention being better than cure" on all hands, and no body of men recognise this more fully than the honest-hearted medical practitioner. School Hygiene.-The conduct of masters regarding infectious diseases requires more consideration than it gets at present. The difficulties which are daily arising in all parts of the country from a neglect of proper rule is such as justifies early attention to this part of our subject. No child should be allowed to come to school who is personally suffering from any of the ordinary infectious diseases. They are Measles, Scarlet fever (or scarlatina, as it is often called), Diphtheria, Whooping-cough, Mumps, Small-pox, Chicken-pox (or glass pox), Scald head (or ringworm), Purulent Ophthalmia, and Scabies (or itch). If the school be a boarding-school, any child suffering from any of these diseases must be at once removed from the school, and all those who have been in contact with that particular child for the preceding twenty-four hours should be put in quarantine-that is, to be kept separated from the rest of the school. No person should be allowed to return to school after recovery from any of the above diseases until after they have been thoroughly disinfected, and after the lapse of a certain period, which should date from the termination of the fever stage. This disinfection must include a proper bathing of the whole body in some disinfecting fluid, such as a weak solution of Condy, or A and even endeavour to strike with it. But he will have so little notion of using his strength, that the force of the blow given will be far less than if the arm and hand only had been used. Again, their power of hurling missiles is very slight, and indeed by some travellers has been altogether denied. The late Mr. Charles Waterton was one of these, and indignantly repudiated the idea that any monkey could hurl or throw any object whatever in any possible manner. Here, however, he was wrong. That monkeys both can and do hurl missiles can be easily proved by any visitor to the monkey-house at the Crystal Palace. In one of the large cages there is, or was a short time since, a baboon, together with several monkeys considerably inferior in size to himself. In order to check his propensity for subjecting his smaller comrades to severe bodily castigation, this baboon is fastened by a chain around his body, which obliges him to confine his perambulations to a part only of the cage. Naturally enough, his companions know to a fraction of an inch the reach of the captive animal when at the full stretch of his tether, and never venture inside the charmed circle. Unable, however, to resist the temptation of insulting the prisoner, they are accustomed to eat nuts, etc., presented by the visitors, an inch or so without the magic line, knowing that the sight of the coveted dainties will goad the captive to madness. In the course of a few seconds their anticipations are fulfilled, and the infuriated animal attempts to revenge himself by hurling the straw from the bottom of the cage at his tormentors, plying them with armful after armful until the supply is exhausted. An exhibibition of this nature can be generally produced by offering some little dainty to one of the smaller monkeys in sight of the captive baboon. Mr. A. R. Wallace, also, the well-known traveller and naturalist, states, in his work upon the Malay Archipelago, that he has, upon three occasions at least, known the orang-outan to hurl down dead branches, `etc., upon the heads of its pursuers. Other travellers also have made similar statements, so that the power of monkeys to hurl projectiles, although not perhaps with any great force or accuracy of aim, can no longer be doubted. One mode of annoying foes upon the ground is a very curious one. Taught by instinct, monkeys will never trust themselves upon dead branches. But when they have wished to drive away foes beneath them, they have been seen to hang from a sound branch by their hands, and swing themselves repeatedly towards a dead branch, striking it violently with their feet at every swing, and repeating the process until the branch was snapped and fell to the ground. To return to our gorilla. The size of this ape, like that of the elephant, has been greatly exaggerated by many travellers. Six, seven, and even eight feet have been mentioned as the height to which the animal attains, whereas the average is little more than five feet, even a large male seldom reaching five feet six inches in height. However, a monkey only five feet high is a very large animal, and when the breadth of body and length of arm, and the almost herculean strength of its limbs, are taken into account, it may easily be imagined that an infuriated gorilla is by no means an insignificant foe. The hair is almost black in colour, appearing less. dark, however, in some lights, and becoming of a greyish hue upon the cheeks and the top of the head. Upon the arms it is arranged in a very curious fashion, the hair from the shoulder to the elbow growing in a downward direction, while from the elbow to the wrist the exact reverse is the case. This arrangement is probably intended to prevent the long hair of the wrist from being included in, and so hindering the grasp. The hand of the gorilla is of tremendous dimensions, often attaining to a breadth of nine or ten inches. To outward examination the fingers appear to be very short in comparison with the size of the hand. This, however, is easily accounted for by the fact that they are connected by the flesh as far as the base of the third joint, instead of to that of the second only, as is the case with ourselves. The thumbs of the hands themselves are comparatively small in proportion to the size of the fingers, and are not of very great service to the animal. Upon the feet, however, the corresponding members are of far greater dimensions, their power of grasp being extremely great. The gorilla is an inhabitant of the thick forests of that part of Africa known as the Gaboon, where it is far from uncommon. In spite of its numbers, however, several causes have prevented any great knowledge being gained with regard to its life and habits. In the first place, so wary and cautious an animal cannot be approached without great difficulty, more especially in the dense forests in the gloomiest recesses of which it loves to dwell. The snapping of a twig would be amply sufficient to alarm the suspicious animal, and acquaint it with the vicinity of an intruder. Then, again, the fierce and savage nature of the animal causes it to be held in such dread that none but the most courageous and experienced hunters will venture to penetrate into its haunts. Little information, too, is to be gathered from the natives, who look upon the animal with far greater fear than upon the most infuriated lion. The prevailing idea of the native inhabitants appears to be that the large apes are not monkeys, but wild men, who retire to the woods and feign dumbness in order to avoid being taken captive and made to work. Some tribes also consider that the gorillas are ahimated by the souls of former savage kings, whose ferocity and love of slaughter continue undiminished. The disposition of the gorilla alters very greatly at different periods of the animal's existence. While still young, before the savage instincts have had sufficient time to become fully developed, the character of the ape is comparatively mild and gentle. 'Gena,' the last gorilla brought to England, for example, was of a fairly peaceable disposition, the chimpansee who bore her company being far more prone than herself to fits of passion. Gena,' however, was quite young, and had she lived, would probably have become terribly morose and sullen by gradual degrees, just as has been the case with all the other apes which have been taken while young, and bred up in captivity. As the bodily powers increase, the mental attributes proportionately diminish, the intelligence of the baby ape being far superior to that of the adult animal. Like many animals of the monkey tribe, the gorilla seldom lives for very long when kept in captivity. Its constitution seldom enables it to withstand the change of climate, and it inevitably succumbs, before many |