COMMERCE-SHIPPING AND NAVIGATION

211

The chief exports from Canada to Great Britain in 1885 to 1889 were :-

716,761 1,182,477 1,511,643 164,576 421,825 532,462 247,230 464,885 350,251 348,605 3,610,876 3,050,884 2,726,744 3,074,605 4,447,354 1,231,737 1,116,257 1,555.352 1,526,884 1,564,904 1,372,791 1,208,678 1,134,822 1,076,623 1,464,073 238,301 259,395

Wheat
Maize

434,656

467,868

flour

452,252

622,191

144,417 350,286

668,165

Pease

310,634

157,940

187,778

The chief imports into Canada from Great Britain were :

243,251

1,302,160 1,453,575 1,488,260 1,451,614 1,547,104 1,400,327 1,669,105 1,705,759 1,412,329 1,579,522 1,015,304 1,021,921 1,018,493 720,121 809,424 679,122 670,878 690,137 649,526 685,058

Shipping and Navigation.

The tonnage of shipping registered in each of the provinces of the Dominion on December 31, 1889, was as follows:-

The total enumerated in the preceding table comprised 1,348 steamers, of 205,632 tons. During the year 1888 there were 280 new vessels, of 34,346 tons, built in the Dominion, valued at 1,545,570 dollars. The total value of the shipping of the Dominion in 1888 was estimated at 31,214,430 decllars. The number of sea-going vessels that entered and cleared at Canadian ports in 1889 was 28,544, of 9,296,601 tons; of which 3,305 of 3,333,079 tons were British, and 13,828 of 1,862,295 tons Canadian. The total number of vessels, both sea-going and inland, that arrived and departed at Canadian ports in 1889 was 65,057 of 16,054,221 tons.

Internal Communications.

Canada has a system of canal, river, and lake navigation over 2,700 miles in length; it is possible for a vessel to sail the whole way from Liverpool to Chicago, and this was done in 1888 by the steamer Rosedale. Up to 1888, 54 million dollars had been spent on canals. In 1888, 21,582 vessels, of 3,272,099 tons, passed through the Canadian canals, carrying 75,797 passengers and 2,761,597 tons of freight, chiefly grain, timber, and coal. The Dominion of Canada had a network of railways of a total length of 13,325 miles completed at the end of June 1889, being an increase of 624 miles over that of 1888. The number of miles in operation was 12,628. A considerable extent of railway is in course of construction, and concessions have been granted by Government for upwards of 4,000 miles more. The Canadian Pacific Railway main line from Montreal to Vancouver is 2,906 miles in length. By this line Great Britain is brought 925 miles in distance and about four days in time nearer to Yokohama, and proportionably to Hong Kong and the East. The Imperial and Dominion Governments have decided to subsidise a line of steamers from Vancouver to Hong Kong and Japan, and establish a regular mail service over this road to the East. The amount of the subsidy is 300,000 dollars, of which 225,000 dollars is to be paid by the Imperial and 75,000 dollars by the Dominion Governments. The service will be conducted by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. The number of passengers carried on Canadian railways in 1889 was 12,151,051, and of tons of freight 17,928,626. The receipts in 1889 were 42,149,615 dollars, expenses 31,038,045 dollars, net profit 11,111,570 dollars. The total paid-up capital to the end of 1889 was 760,576,466 dollars, of which 159,930,611 dollars represented Government aid.

On June 30, 1889, there were in the Dominion 7,838 post-offices. The number of letters sent through the post-office during the year ended June 30, 1889, was 92,668,000, postcards 19,355,000, newspapers 12,269,000, books, &c., 17,053,000, parcels 519,400. Newspapers sent from the office of publication are carried free. Their number in 1889 was estimated at upwards of 60,000,000. The letters and postcards posted amounted to 18-25 per head, and the other articles to 17:30 per head. Revenue, 2,984,222 dollars; expenditure, 3,746,040 dollars. A uniform rate of postage of three cents has been established over the whole Dominion. The number of money orders issued in Canada in 1889 was 673,813, as compared with 269,417 in 1878, and the value 11,265,920 dollars, as compared with 7,130,875 dollars in 1878.

There were 29,439 miles (2,624 being Government) of telegraph lines in Canada in 1889, and 62,020 miles of wire, with 2,456 offices, and the number of messages sent, as nearly as could be ascertained, 5,032,866. There were in 1889, 17,489 miles of telephone wire, with 325 offices, and 18,114 sets of instruments.

Money and Credit.

The Bank Acts of Canada impose stringent conditions as to capital, notes in circulation, limit of dividend, returns to Government, and other points in all chartered and incorporated banks. In making payments every bank is compelled to have a certain proportion of Government notes, and must hold half, and not less than 40 per cent. in Government notes. In 1889 there were 36 incorporated banks making returns to the Government, with numerous branches all over the Dominion. The following are

some particulars of the Dominion banks, the number in 1868 being 27, or 9 less than in 1889 :

32,808,103 43,722,647

77,872,257

56.15

1878

1885

101,656,566

1886

1887

1688 1883

63,387,034 19,351,109
61,821,158 29,692,803
61,841,395 29,200,627 112,991,764 147,547,682
60,815,356 30,438,152 114,483,190 149,413,632 229,241,464
60,168,010 30,444,643 128,725,529 166,344,852 244,975,223
60,236,451 31,209,972 136,293,978 175,062,257 255,765,631

71,900,195

95,641,008

175,473,086

54.50

Post-office savings-banks have been in operation in Canada since 1867; there are also Government savings-banks, under the management of the Finance Department, in the Maritime Provinces, Manitoba, and British Columbia. In 1889 there were 463 offices of the former and 44 of the latter. In the post-office savings-banks between 1870 and 1877 the number of depositors increased from 12,178 to 24,074, an increase of 97 per cent., and the deposits from 1,588,848 dollars to 2,639,937 dollars, an increase of 66 per cent.; while between 1878 and 1889, the number of depositors in. creased from 25,535 to 113,123, an increase of 343 per cent., and the deposits from 2,754,484 dollars to 23,011,422 dollars, an increase of 739 per cent. The following is a statement of the transactions of the postoffice and Government savings-banks for 1888 and 1889, in dollars :-

Money, Weights, and Measures.

The money, weights, and measures of Canada are

MONEY.

= 48.

The Dollar of 100 cents. Average rate of exchange The value of the money of the United Kingdom is fixed by law as follows:--The sovereign, four dollars and eighty-six and two-third cents; the crown piece, one dollar and twenty cents; the half-crown piece, sixty cents; the florin, forty-eight cents; the shilling, twenty-four cents; the sixpence, twelve cents.

The coins in circulation in Canada are all struck in England. Canada has no gold coinage of its own, but the English sovereign and the United States gold eagle of 10 dollars, with its multiples and halves, are legal. Notes are issued exclusively by the Government for 4, 2, and 1 dollar, 50 and 25 cents; no bank being allowed to issue notes for a less sum than 5 dollars.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

The legal weights and measures are the Imperial yard, Imperial found avoirdupois, Imperial gallon, and the Imperial bushel.

By Act 42 Vict. cap. 16, the British hundredweight of 112 pounds, and the ton of 2,240 pounds, were abolished, and the hundredweight was declared to be 100 pounds and the ton 2,000 pounds avoirdupois, thus assimilating the weights of Canada and the United States.

High Commissioner for the Dominion of Canada in Great Britain.Hon. Sir Charles Tupper, Bart., G.C.M.G., C.B. Secretary.-Joseph G. Colmer, C.M.G.

Statistical and other Books of Reference concerning Canada and British North America.

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Annual Reports of the various Government Departments for the year ending June 30, 1889. 8. Ottawa, 1890.

Census of Canada, 1880-81. 11 vols. Ottawa, 1882-83.

Correspondence relating to the Fisheries Question, 1885-87. Ottawa, 1887.

Correspondence relative to the seizure of British American vessels in Behring's Sea

by the United States Authorities in 1886. Ottawa, 1887.

Estimates of Canada for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1890, 8. Ottawa, 1889.

Finances of Canada: Budget Speech delivered in the House of Commons of Canada b Hon. G. E. Foster, Minister of Finance. 8. Ottawa, 1890.

Fisheries Statements for the year 1889. Ottawa, 1890.

Public Accounts of Canada, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1889. Printed by order of Parliament. 8. Ottawa, 1889.

General Report of the Minister of Public Works from June 30, 1867, to July 1, 1885. With Maps. Ottawa, 1887.

Railway Statistics of Canada, 1888-89. 8. Ottawa, 1890.

Report on the State of the Militia for the year 1889. 8. Ottawa, 1890.

Reports (Annual) of the Geological Survey of Canada.

Report, Returns, and Statistics of the Inland Revenues of the Dominion of Canada, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1889. 8. Ottawa, 1890.

Special Report on the Fisheries Protection Service of Canada, 1886. Ottawa, 1887.
Statistical Year Book of Canada for the year 1889. Ottawa, 1890.

Tables of the Trade and Navigation of the Dominion of Canada, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1889. Ottawa, 1890,

Report of the Auditor-General on Appropriation Accounts for the year ending June 30, 1889. Ottawa, 1890.

Sessional Papers relating to the Canadian Pacific Railway, 1885-87. Ottawa, 1888. Statistical Abstract for the several Colonial and other Possessions of the United Kingdom. No. XXVI. 8. London, 1890.

Trade of the Dominion of Canada with Great Britain; in Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions for the year 1889. Imp. 4. London, 1890.

2. NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

Adam (G. M.), The Canadian North-West: its History and its Troubles, with the Narrative of Three Insurrections. Toronto, 1885,

Bell (Robt., M.D., LL.D.), The Northern Limits of the Principal Forest Trees of Canada. With n Map. Ottawa, 1882.

Bryce (Rev. Prof.), Manitoba: its Infancy, Growth, and Pre-ent Position. London, 1882.

Canadian Almanac for 1889. 8. Toronto, 1888.

Chapais (J. C.), Guide Illustré du Sylviculture Canadien. Montreal, 1883.

Collins (J. E.), Life and Times of Rt. Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, K.C.B. Toronto, 1883. Colmer (J. G.), Recent Developments in Canada. London, 1887.

Cumberland (Stuart), The Queen's Highway. 2nd ed., London, 1888.

Dent (J. Chas.), The Last Forty Years, or Canada since the Union of 1841. Toronte,

1883.

Dilke (Sir Charles), Problems of Greater Britain. London, 1890.

Faillon (Abbé), Histoire de la Colonie française en Canada. 2 vols. Fol. Montreal,

1865.

Fleming (Sandford, C.M.G.), England and Canada, a summer tour between Old and New Westminster. London, 1881.

STATISTICAL AND OTHER BOOKS OF REFERENCE

215

Garneau (F. X.), Histoire du Canada depuis sa découverte jusqu'à nos jours. Montreal,

1882.

Grant (Very Rev. Principal), Picturesque Canada. 2 vols. Toronto, 1884.

Gunn (Hon. D.), History of Manitoba. Ottawa, 1880,

Hayden (Prof. F. V.) and Selwyn (Prof. A. R. C.), North America. London, 1883.

Hurlburt (Dr. J. B.), The Food Zones of Canada. Montreal, 1884.

Lorell (John), Gazetteer of British North America. Montreal, 1881.

Macoun (Prof.), Manitoba and Canada. London, 1882.

Morgan (Henry J.), The Canadian Parliamentary Companion for 1890. Ottawa, 1890. Morgan (Henry J.), Dominion Annual Register and Review, 1878-90. Ottawa.

Morgan (Henry J.), Bibliotheca Canadensis, or a History of Canadian Literature. Ottawa, 1867.

Morgan (Henry J.), The Relations of the Industry of Canada with the Mother Country and the United States. Montreal, 1864.

Morris (Hon. Alex.), Nova Britannia; or, Our New Canadian Dominion Foreshadowed. Toronto, 1884.

Rae (W. Fraser), Columbia and Canada. Notes on the Great Republic and the New Dominion. 8. Loudon, 1878.

Rae (W. F.), Newfoundland to Manitoba. London, 1881.

Ryerson (Rev. E., D.D., LL.D.), The Loyalists of America and their Times, 2 vols. Toronto, 1880.

Selwyn (A. R. C.) and Dawson (G. M.), Descriptive Sketch of the Physical Geography and Geology of the Dominion of Canada. Montreal, 1884.

Silter and Co.'s Handbook to Canada. London, 1881.

Todd (Dr. Alpheus, C.M.G.), Parliamentary Government in the British Colonies. Boston, 1880.

Tupper (Sir Charles). The Canadian Confederation defended. London, 1868.

Tuile (C. R.), Our North Land: being a full account of the Canadian North-West and Hudson's Bay Route. Toronto, 1885.

FALKLAND ISLANDS.

Governor.-Thomas Kerr, C.M.G., appointed September 1880. Salary 1,2007. per annum.

Crown colony situated in South Atlantic, 300 miles E. of Magellan Straits. East Falkland, 3,000 square miles; West Falkland, 2,300 square miles; about 100 small islands, 1,200 square miles: total, 6,500 square miles; besides South Georgia, 1,000 square miles. Population: (about) 1,890; males 1,159, females 731, foreigners about 200. 1,302 Protestants, 251 Roman Catholics. Chief town, Stanley,700 inhabitants.

Education: 2 Government schools, with 142 on the roll, in 1889; I private school in Stanley, with 71 on the roll; and 1 school at Darwin with 22 on the roll.

The government is administered by the Governor, assisted by an Executive Council and a Legislative Council.

Chief sources of revenue 1889: Customs, 2,7517., and rents of crovm lands 4,4577. Chief branches of expenditure: Official salaries, 4,5157.; mails, 2,1007.; public works, 1,4997. Contribution by Home Government, nil.

Leading exports (1889): Wool, 100,5407.; frozen meat, nil; live sheep to Chile, 4,4677.; hides and skins, 6,2657.; tallow, 3,9937. Chief imports: Provisions, wearing apparel, machinery, and ironmongery.