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I.

There can be little doubt that the time will come when immigration into this country must be further restricted; but there are, in my opinion, two strong reasons why that time is not yet come, a positive and a negative one. The positive reason is, that the immigrants are a direct gain to the country, for they are necessary to develop its industries and its resources. The negative reason is, that the immigrants are not harmful to American institutions, and do not compete injuriously with the American laborer.

II.

There can be little doubt that the time will come when immigration into this country must be further restricted, but there are, in my opinion, two strong reasons why that time has not yet come. There is a positive argument and a negative argument. The immigrants are a direct gain to this country; and while their presence is necessary to develop its industries and its resources, they are not harmful to American institutions, nor do they compete injuriously with the American laborer.

In this passage as originally written, the second sentence has no apparent connection with what precedes or with what follows. To make the connection of thought plain, it is necessary to make several changes in arrangement and to supply missing links.

I.

A few days ago, great consternation was created in our neighborhood by the unaccountable behavior of a strange dog,- a great shaggy animal, that made his first appearance one afternoon as it was growing dark. For some time he stood in the street, howling mournfully, and then walked slowly and sadly round the corner and out of sight. While he was uttering his ghostly howls, the old women who live in

II.

Great consternation was caused in our neighborhood a few days ago by the unaccountable behavior of a strange dog. One afternoon as it was growing dark the great shaggy animal appeared, stood howling mournfully in the street for some time, then walked slowly and sadly out of sight around the corner. Directly across the street from our house is a "Home for Aged Women." While the dog was uttering his

I.

the "Home for Aged Women," opposite our house, stood at the windows watching him.

II.

ghostly unreasonable howls the

old women stood at the windows watching.

In this passage as originally written, every sentence stands apart from every other. To make the connection of thought plain, it is necessary to change the order of words in almost every line and to reconstruct every sentence.

I.

Railroads are subject not only to a very loose kind of federal supervision but also to the laws of the forty-four States. As their interests are secured through legislation, they are, of necessity, in politics.

Mere assent to propositions signifies very little; for propositions do not put a man's heart in the right place. What we want is not right thinking, but right action; not creeds, but life.

When dogma is completely withdrawn, every form of religion falls to the ground. Dogma is the bone and sinew of religion.

II.

Railroads are of necessity in politics.

Their interests are secured through legislation. They are subject not only to a very loose kind of Federal supervision but also to the laws of the 44 states.

What we want is right action, not right thinking-life, not creeds. It signifies very little to assent to propositions; they do not put a man's heart in the right place.

Dogma is the bone and sinew of any form of religion. When it is completely withdrawn, every religion falls to the ground.

In these passages as originally written, the serious fault is that there is no real progress from sentence to sentence. In the passages as amended there is an evolution of thought; both in fact and in appearance, the sentences form a climax.1

Change in Point of View. A writer should never change his point of view without good reason.

1 See page 249.

I.

Attacking Massana next day, Walker gained the first plaza. When, however, he perceived that he could not, without great loss of life, get possession of the other plazas by assault, he began a regular and slow approach.

II.

The next day Walker attacked Massana, and gained the first plaza. But to get possession in a like manner of the other plazas would have necessitated great loss of life. Recognizing this, he began a regular and slow approach.

In this passage as originally written, the subject of the first sentence is "Walker," of the second "to get possession," etc., and of the third "he," that is, Walker again. By forcing the reader to change his point of view twice, this arrangement imposes unnecessary labor upon him.

Other examples are

I.

Walter Camp's story in yesterday's "Globe" gave me a new and favorable impression of this great Yale authority on foot-ball. It was happy in the blending of entertainment with instruction, excellent in purpose and with an excellent moral. If it be true that a man must have in himself the qualities he portrays, it follows that the qualities of honor and uprightness of purpose, so marked in the hero of Walter Camp's story, must be in Walter Camp. He is, it is manifest, much more than an athlete: he is a man.

II.

I obtained a new and favorable impression of Walter Camp, the great Yale authority on football, from his story in yesterday's Globe. The ability to write a story with such an excellent purpose, such a good moral, such a happy blending of entertainment and instruction, requires in the author the possession of the qualities he portrays. Expression is the correlative of impression. A inan cannot express what is not in himself. Therefore the qualities of honor and uprightness of purpose which were so marked in the hero of Walter Camp's story, must be in Walter Camp himself. It is plainly evident that he is a man, not only an athlete but a man.

I.

Landing near San Juan del Sur, they made for two days and nights forced marches, through a pelting storm, over wretched roads. In all-including a small troop of native soldiers - they numbered one hundred and sixty-five men.

This little force marched on Rivas, which was held by six hundred men, made a brave charge, and drove the Serviles through the narrow streets of the town to the Plaza.

II.

Landing near San Juan del Sur they made for two days and nights forced marches through a pelting storm over wretched roads. With them hurried a small troop of native soldiers making in all a force of 165 men. Waiting their attack in Rivas were 600 men.

The Americans charged bravely and drove the Serviles through the narrow streets of the town to the Plaza.

These passages as originally written show the serious disadvantages of changing the point of view.

Make the transition FROM SENTENCE TO SENTENCE as plain as possible.

Beware of changing the POINT of view.

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PARAGRAPHS BY THEMSELVES AND IN SUCCESSION

What a Paragraph Should Contain. - One way of showing what a paragraph is, is to show what it is not.

Mr Darcy was invited by Mr Bingley to make him a visit at his place.

It happened that, early one morning, Elizabeth Bennet had taken a walk, and on her way had visited the Bingleys.

Here she met Mr Darcy, and at first sight took a dislike to him. She took cold on account of her walk and was not able to go home for two days; so her sister came and took care of her.

The sister of Bingley wanted to marry Mr Darcy on account of his money, although she could not consider herself poor.

It seems that Mr Darcy was struck at the first sight by the handsome face of Elizabeth and Mr Bingley also was not slow to acknowledge that he liked Jane, Elizabeth's sister.

Soon after the malady was cured, the sisters returned home.

In a few days Mr Bennet invited Mr Darcy and Bingly to a dinner.

Here also Mr Darcy showed a desire for Elizabeths company. At this time there was quatred at Longbourn a regiment. This was a very pleasing addition to the pleasures of the Bennet's, for there was always some entertainiment going on, in which they generally took part.

A Mr Wickham made his appearance here in order to join the regiment.

He was very handsome, and could keep up a lively conversation so that he was liked by everyone, especially the Bennets.

One day Mr Darcy with Mr Bingley were riding through Longbourn when they met the Bennets who were with Mr Wickham. As soon as Wickham saw Darcy he turned colour and passed on. Elizabeth noticed this and related it to her sister and they two had a great amount of gossip over the event.

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