the Other Middle States. Decline of Education in Mas-

sachusetts. Developments in the Other New England

States. The Extension of Educational Organization to

the Northwest. Condition of the Common Schools
Prior to the Awakening.

Pestalozzi as the Successor of Rousseau. Pestalozzi's

Philanthropic and Industrial Ideals. His Industrial

School at Neuhof and the Leonard and Gertrude. His

School at Stanz and Beginning of His Observational

Methods. Continuation of His Methods at Burgdorf,

and How Gertrude Teaches Her Children. The 'Institute'

at Yverdon and the Culmination of the Pestalozzian

Methods. Pestalozzi's Educational Aim and Organiza-

tion. His General Method. The Permanent Influence of

Pestalozzi. The Spread of Pestalozzian Schools and

Methods through Europe. Pestalozzianism in the

United States. Pestalozzi's Industrial Training Con-

tinued by Fellenberg. The Agricultural School and

Other Institutions at Hofwyl. Industrial Training in the

Schools of Europe. Industrial Institutions in the

United States.

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276

CHAPTER XXIII

DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 302

The Third Period in American Education. Early

Leaders in the Common School Revival. Work of James
G. Carter. Horace Mann as Secretary of the Massachu-
setts Board. The Educational Suggestions and Achieve-
ments of Mann. Henry Barnard's Part in the Educa-
tional Awakening. Barnard as Secretary of the Con-
necticut State Board. Commissioner of Common
Schools in Rhode Island. State Superintendent of
Schools in Connecticut. Barnard's American Journal

of Education. First United States Commissioner of

Education. Value of Barnard's Educational Collections.

Educational Development in New England since the

Revival. Influence of the Awakening upon the Middle

States. Public Education in the West. Organization of

State Systems in the South. Development of the Ameri-

can System of Education.

CHAPTER XXIV

DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATIONAL PRACTICE

Froebel and Herbart as Disciples of Pestalozzi. The

Early Career and Writings of Herbart. Work at Königs-

berg and Göttingen. Herbart's Psychology. The Aim,

Content, and Method. The Value and Influence of

Herbart's Principles. The Extension of His Doctrines

in Germany. Herbartianism in the United States.

Froebel's Early Life. His Experiences at Frankfort,

Yverdon, and Berlin. The School at Keilhau. Develop-

ment of the Kindergarten. Froebel's Fundamental

Concept of 'Unity.' Motor Expression as His Method.

The Social Aspect of Education. The Kindergarten.

The Value and Influence of Froebel's Principles. The

Spread of Froebelianism through Europe. The Kinder-

garten in the United States. The Relative Influence of

Pestalozzi, Herbart, and Froebel.

PAGE

333

CHAPTER XXV

THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN SYSTEMS

National Systems of Education in Europe and Canada.

The Beginning of State Control in Prussia. Educational

Achievements of Frederick the Great. Educational In-

fluence of Zedlitz. Foundation of the Ministry of Edu-

cation and Further Progress. The Elementary System.

The Secondary System. Higher Education. Educa-

tional Development in France. The Primary School

370

System. The Secondary System. The Institutions of

Higher Education. Centralized Administration of

the French Education. Early Development of English

Education. Educational Movements in the Nineteenth

Century. Subsequent Educational Movements. De-

velopment of Education in the Dominion of Canada.

The Public School System of Ontario. The System of

Ecclesiastical Schools in Quebec.

CHAPTER XXVI

THE SCIENTIFIC MOVEMENT AND THE CURRICULUM

The Development of the Natural Sciences in Modern

Times. The Growth of Inventions and Discoveries in

the Nineteenth Century. Herbert Spencer and What

Knowledge is of Most Worth. Advocacy of the Sciences

by Huxley and Others. The Disciplinary Argument for

the Sciences. Introduction of the Sciences into Educa-

tional Institutions in Germany, France, England, and

the United States. Interrelation of the Scientific with

the Psychological and Sociological Movements.

CHAPTER XXVII

PRESENT DAY TENDENCIES IN EDUCATION

Recent Educational Progress. The Growth of Indus-

trial Training. Industrial Schools in Europe. Industrial

Training in the United States. Commercial Education

in Europe and America. Recent Emphasis upon Agri-

cultural Training. Moral Training in the Schools To-

day. The Development of Training for Mental Defec-

tives. Education of the Deaf and Blind. Recent

Development of Educational Method; Dewey's Experi-

mental School. Other Experiments in Method. The

Montessori Method. The Statistical Method and

Mental Measurements in Education. Education and

the Theory of Evolution. Enlarging Conceptions of

the Function of Education.

PAGE

397

418

CHAPTER XXVIII

RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT

The Development of Individualism.. The Harmoniza-

PAGE

44I

447