OMAR KHAYYÁM,

THE ASTRONOMER-POET OF PERSIA.

A

MAR KHAYYÁM was born at Naishápúr in Kho

'rasan in the latter half of our Eleventh, and died

within the First Quarter of our Twelfth Century.
The slender Story of his Life is curiously twined about
that of two other very considerable Figures in their
Time and Country: one of whom tells the Story of all
Three. This was Nizám ul Mulk, Vizyr to Alp Arslan
the Son, and Malik Shah the Grandson, of Toghrul Beg
the Tartar, who had wrested Persia from the feeble
Successor of Mahmúd the Great, and founded that Sel-
jukian Dynasty which finally roused Europe into the
Crusades. This Nizám ul Mulk, in his Wasiyat-or
Testament-which he wrote and left as a Memorial for
future Statesmen-relates the following, as quoted in
the Calcutta Review, No. 59, from Mirkhond's History
of the Assassins :

"One of the greatest of the wise men of Khorassan
'was the Imám Mowaffak of Naishápúr, a man highly
'honoured and reverenced, may God rejoice his soul;
'his illustrious years exceeded eighty-five, and it was

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'the universal belief that every boy who read the Koran 'or studied the traditions in his presence, would assur'edly attain to honour and happiness. For this cause 'did my father send me from Tús to Naishápúr with 'Abd-us-samad, the doctor of law, that I might employ 'myself in study and learning under the guidance of 'that illustrious teacher. Towards me he ever turned an eye of favour and kindness, and as his pupil I felt 'for him extreme affection and devotion, so that I passed 'four years in his service. When I first came there, I 'found two other pupils of mine own age newly arrived, 'Hakim Omar Khayyám, and the ill-fated Ben Sabbáh. 'Both were endowed with sharpness of wit and the 'highest natural powers; and we three formed a close 'friendship together. When the Imám rose from his 'lectures, they used to join me, and we repeated to each 'other the lessons we had heard. Now Omar was a 'native of Naishápúr, while Hasan Ben Sabbáh's father 'was one Ali, a man of austere life and practice, but 'heretical in his creed and doctrine. One day Hasan 'said to me and to Khayyám, 'It is a universal belief 'that the pupils of the Imám Mowaffak will attain to 'fortune. Now, even if we all do not attain thereto, 'without doubt one of us will; what then shall be our 'mutual pledge and bond?' We answered, 'Be it what 'you please.' 'Well,' he said, 'let us make a vow, that 'to whomsoever this fortune falls, he shall share it 'equally with the rest, and reserve no pre-eminence for himself. Be it so,' we both replied, and on those

'terms we mutually pledged our words. Years rolled 'on, and I went from Khorassan to Transoxiana, and 'wandered to Ghazni and Cabul; and when I returned, 'I was invested with office, and rose to be adminis'trator of affairs during the Sultanate of Sultan Alp 'Arslán.'

"He goes on to state, that years passed by, and both his old school-friends found him out, and came and claimed a share in his good fortune, according to the school-day vow. The Vizier was generous and kept his word. Hasan demanded a place in the government, which the Sultan granted at the Vizier's request; but discontented with a gradual rise, he plunged into the maze of intrigue of an oriental court, and failing in a base attempt to supplant his benefactor, he was disgraced and fell. After many mishaps and wanderings, Hasan became the head of the Persian sect of the Ismailians,- a party of fanatics who had long murmured in obscurity, but rose to an evil eminence under the guidance of his strong and evil will. In A. D. 1090, he seized the castle of Alamút, in the province of Rúdbar, which lies in the mountainous tract south of the Caspian Sea; and it was from this mountain home he obtained that evil celebrity among the Crusaders as the OLD MAN OF THE MOUNTAINS, and spread terror through the Mohammedan world; and it is yet disputed whether the word Assassin, which they have left in the language of modern Europe as their dark memorial, is derived from the hashish, or opiate of hemp-leaves

(the Indian bhang), with which they maddened themselves to the sullen pitch of oriental desperation, or from the name of the founder of the dynasty, whom we have seen in his quiet collegiate days at Naishápúr. One of the countless victims of the Assassin's dagger was Nizám-ul-Mulk himself, the old school-boy friend.1

"Omar Khayyám also came to the Vizier to claim the share; but not to ask for title or office. The 'greatest boon you can confer on me,' he said, 'is to 'let me live in a corner under the shadow of your for'tune, to spread wide the advantages of Science, and 'pray for your long life and prosperity.' The Vizier tells us, that, when he found Omar was really sincere in his refusal, he pressed him no further, but granted him a yearly pension of 1200 mithkáls of gold, from the treasury of Naishápúr.

"At Naishápúr thus lived and died Omar Khayyám, 'busied,' adds the Vizier, 'in winning knowledge of 'every kind, and especially in Astronomy, wherein he 'attained to a very high pre-eminence. Under the 'Sultanate of Malik Shah, he came to Merv, and ob'tained great praise for his proficiency in science, and 'the Sultan showered favours upon him.'

1 Some of Omar's Rubáiyát warns us of the danger of Greatness, the instability of Fortune, and while advocating Charity to all Men, recommending us to be too intimate with none. Attár makes Nizám-ul-Mulk use the very words of his friend Omar [Rub. xxviii.], "When Nizám-ul-Mulk was in the Agony (of Death) he said, 'Oh God! I am passing away in the hand of the Wind.'"

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"When Malik Shah determined to reform the calendar, Omar was one of the eight learned men employed to do it; the result was the Jaláli era (so called from Jalal-u-din, one of the king's names) - a computation of time,' says Gibbon, which surpasses the Julian, and approaches the accuracy of the Gregorian style.' He is also the author of some astronomical tables, entitled Zíji-Maliksháhí," and the French have lately republished and translated an Arabic Treatise of his on Algebra.

"His Takhallus or poetical name (Khayyám) signifies a Tent-maker, and he is said to have at one time exercised that trade, perhaps before Nizám-ul-Mulk's generosity raised him to independence. Many Persian poets similarly derived their names from their occupations; thus we have Attár, 'a druggist,' Assár, 'an oil presser,' &c.1 Omar himself alludes to his name in the following whimsical lines:

'Khayyam, who stitched the tents of science,

Has fallen in grief's furnace and been suddenly burned;
The shears of Fate have cut the tent ropes of his life,
And the broker of Hope has sold him for nothing!'

"We have only one more anecdote to give of his Life, and that relates to the close; it is told in the anonymous preface which is sometimes prefixed to his poems; it has been printed in the Persian in the

Though all these, like our Smiths, Archers, Millers, Fletchers, &c., may simply retain the Surname of an hereditary calling.