dup=do +up; and dout=do+out. 5. Fearful has now generally a subjective meaning, and is applied to the mind that feels fear, except in the phrase a fearful sight. 6. Pronounced as if written wight—as it still is in Scotland. 7. Bench-a softened southern form of bank. 8. Clear=brilliant.

Ex. 2. Prepare the passage from Southwell, with the following notes :

1. Most is an adverb modifying naked—the phrase is = utterly bare of leaves. 2. Most full of sorrow. 3. Hap is a Celtic word, meaning chance. From it we have happen, happy (=to whom the chances fall), and, by a curious combination with a Latin preposition, per-haps. 4. In fine=at last. Fine from Latin finis. Hence, also finance=the art of making both ends meet. 5. Temper—from Latin temperare—from Latin tempus, time. Thus the word temper has a relation to time ; and a good-tempered person is one who takes time before he blames or is angry.

Ex. 3. Prepare the two passages from Daniel, with the following notes :

1. Ceremonial. Mother or Creator of the outward signs of reverence and of the inward feelings. 2. Full of pomp. The word pompous has now-ddays a bad sense. 3. Prodigally = without regarding the expense. 4. There seems to be here an allusion to the bare Presbyterian ceremonies of Scotland. 5. Amuse-in the old sense. The word comes from a Musis = away from the Muses, away from severe thought. 6. Rear—a dialectic form of raise. 7. Waste—a word connected with vast. 8. Distracted. Distract is a Latin word; and therefore the past participle in distraught is a false archaismas no Latin word has the throat-symbol gh. Compare Spenser's false archaisms : spight, despight; and our own, delight. 9. “Gets round” or deceives and is deceived. 10. Whilst as = whilst. 11. Ransack-a Danish word, from rann= house, and saka = seek or visit. 12. Builds his throne on blood, and rises by the distress of others. 13. And leaves his empty throne to his son. Compare Napoleon III. at Chislehurst. 14. Has no share in the venture. 15. Frailty-a contraction, through the French, of fragility. The one is detached to signify a moral state ; the other a physical.

Ex. 4. Prepare the passage from Drayton, with the following notes :

1. Moist. Its modern meaning of genially odd or oddly genial is derived from the old theories of medicine, which attributed all diseases to disorder among the humores or humours of man. 2. Now spelt choirs. 3. Thrush. 4. Sang. It is worthy of note that all three forms of the past of sing are found, sang, song, and sung, in literature. They are simply dialectic forms of the same word-by change in the vowel, which is merely change in the manner of opening the mouth. Sung would seem to be Southern ; Song, Western; and Sang, East Midland. 5. The antecedent to that is he=He that was to thrill (or penetrate) the thickets was so long. Wousel=ousel. The w is an intrusive sound from the West of England. There is only one word in the literary English which retains this intrusive w; and it retains it to the ear, but not to the eye-the word one, which we pronounce wun. (But in its compounds al-one, and on-ly, it comes back to the old and purer pronunciation). In Dorsetshire we find woak for oak, woats (or wuts) for oats, and wold for old.

Ex. 5. Prepare the passage from Davies, with the following notes :

1. Threaten. 2. The genuine English equivalent of retire is withdraw. 3. Pry-probably a form of peer. 4. So closely. 5. Limits. 6. Circling

or revolving around myself; whereas formerly I used to wander and be erratic, like a comet. 7. Wit and will—a combination which shows the older meaning of the word wit. The phrase is=mind and soul, mental and moral powers. 8. Slave. 9. Span = as far as we can span, or stretch out our fingers. Spin is a sub-form. 10. Deceived. 11. Davies's meaning seems to be, that Man is in all respects like to God—with the one exception that he is not infinite.

Ex. 6. Prepare the passage from DONNE, with the following notes :

1. Suffer. 2. Breach-from break (of which it is a softened form). From the same root we have broach (to break into a cask, or a subject), brush (a thing with a broken surface), brittle (= breakable) etc. The meaning of the line is : “ Our souls are not separated, but only expanded.” 3. Roam=make room for oneself. Roam, room, and the German Raum are all vowel forms of the same word. 4. Correct.

Ex. 7. Prepare the passsages from the two Fletchers, with the following notes:

[The word fletcher is an English corruption of the French flechieran arrow-maker. The trade of fletchers and howyers still exists.]

1. In this world. 2. Crew. The limitation of meaning to a ship’s company is late. Crew is a form of the word crowd. 3. Surfeit—from Fr. surfaire, to overdo. Sur is a contraction of Latin super. 4. Happiness that grows by being spent. This is the fundamental distinction between all real and spiritual happiness and mere sensual or unreal happiness. The one in. creases by being given away-by increasing the happiness of others; the second is limited to a fixed quantity, and disappears and is unproductive. 5. Thinking in his mind. 6. Volley—from Fr. volée, a flight. 7. Him=to him; a dative. 8. Banquet is a French diminutive from banc (a form of bench), a table or chair. 9. The air. 10. Trinity. 11. To surpass. 12. Attuned themselves to.

Ex. 8. Prepare Drummond's Sonnet, with the following notes :

1. The tree from which the wood for the lute was cut. 2. But=only. and does not modify made. 3. Ramage, leaping up and down among the branches. From Latin ramus, a branch. 4. Was wont. 5. Past participle of reave. Harden the aspirate v, and we have rob. Reave is more often found with the prefix be, in the form bereave. 6. The music of the spheres. 7. Harbinger, à person who went before another to prepare a harbour (herberg) or inn for him. The n is intrusive, as in passenger, messenger, porringer, etc. 8. As you formerly were in the woods. 9. Her=an objective possessive = the loss of her—the lady to whom he was to have been married.

Ex. 9. Prepare the poem from Hume, with the following notes :

1. Chased. The word shay is connected with shy, and is found in Scotland and Lancashire in the form of shoo. 2. Lightened up. 3. Peep is not the word which means to look into, but to chirrup, to cry peep, peepsaid of little birds. 4. Herbs for medicine, originally, and then merely herbs. The word came to be applied from the ancient division of all medicines into simplicia and composita-simples and composites. Herbs were looked upon as the least composite of all medicines, and hence the name. 5. Stiranother form of steer. Steer is transitive; stir intransitive. Hence, also steerage, stern, etc. 6. Welter is connected with walk, wallop, and waltz

(and German wälzen). 7. Yielding. 8. Blossoms. Flourishes is still used in that sense in Scotland. 9. Smoke. Reek is a hard form (Scotch) of the German Rauch. Edinburgh is generally called by the country people Auld Reekie. 10. Go slowly.

Ex. 10. State shortly, and in or linary prose, the main idea of Southwell's lines.

Ex. 11. Write & short paper containing the thoughts expressed in Daniel's lines from the Epistle, but avoid his poetic phraseology.

Ex. 12. Re-write Drayton's lines in pentameters, thus :

*

Then from her burnished gate the glittering East
Gilds every mountain top, which late the night
Had sown with pearl, to please the morning's sight, etc.

Ex. 13. State shortly the meaning of Davies in his lines on Affliction ; and draw out the contrast between the greatness and the littleness of man.

Ex. 14. Compare the stanza beginning

The birds' sweet notes, to sonnet out their joys, with Spenser's stanza (from which it is imitated) on p. 116,

The joyous birds, shrouded in cheerful shade ; and point out in what respects Fletcher is inferior.

Ex. 15. Expand into alternately rhymed pentameters some of the verses from Alex. Hume, and carefully note the points in which your own version is inferior. It will not always be necessary to retain his rhymes. Thus :

Eternal Mind, whose presence drives away

The darkness from the penetrating light,
Who hast a ruler set above the day,

And the soft moon above the quiet night, etc. Ex. 16. Draw out in a tabular form the metres of the poems in this chapter, thus :

Ex. 17. Select from the poems in this chapter all the words which are (a) obsolete, and (b) used in an old sense.

Ex. 18. Find out some poem in which the subject of any one pocnu in this chapter is also treated, and compare the two point by point, and then in their general effect.

N

Ex. 19. Catalogue the rhymes in Drummond's sonnet, abb, etc. (It will be seen that this sonnet is not like Shakspeare's, but constructed on the Italian model.]

Ex. 20. Select from the verses of the two Fletchers, the sonnet of Drummond, and the poem by Hume, all those words which (a) come straight from the Latin, and (b) come from Latin through the French ; thus :Latin.

Latin(French.)
Eternity.

Viceroy.
Placed.

QUESTIONS TO CHAPTER X. 1. When was George Chapman born? 2. What works of his are best known? 3. What kind of epithets is he fond of using ? 4. In what metre is his Iliad written? 5. In what his Odyssey ? 6. Who was Robert Southwell? 7. When did he die ? 8. What is the chief quality of his poetry? 9. When was Daniel born? 10. What are his chief poems ? 11. What title has been generally given him ? 12. Where and when was Drayton born ? 13. What is his chief work? 14. What is its subject ? 15. In what metre is it written? 16. What is the distinguishing fault of this metre as written by Drayton? 17. Who was Sir John Davies? 18. What is the title of his poem ?

19. In what metre and stanza is it written? 20. What other poets have employed this stanza ? 21. When was Donne born ? 22. How does Dr. Johnson rank him?_23. Who were the two Fletchers ? 24. What poem did Phineas write? 25. What is the title of Giles Fletcher's poem? 26. What is meant by the term Purple Island ? 27. What is the metre and what the stanza of Christ's Victory? 28. State the metre and stanza of The Purple Island. 29. When was Drummond born ? 30. When did he die? 31. What other Scottish poet is mentioned in this chapter ? 32. What is the subject of the poem quoted from his works?

CHAPTER XI.

FROM SHAKSPEARE TO MILTON.

B

1.

ETWEEN the death of Shakspeare and the time

when Milton began to write his longer poems, we
find a large number of great names—both in prose
and poetry—some of whom were influenced by the

Elizabethan manner of thinking and expression, and
some by the newer French style which was rapidly finding

its way into English literature. The works of this period are coloured by the vicissitudes and terrible events of the twofold conflict which was soon to trouble English history. This conflict was not only political, but religious. It troubled not only men's business and political arrangements, but their inmost minds and most sacred family relations. The peace which had been gained by Henry VIII., enjoyed under Elizabeth, and not disturbed under James I., was soon to be overcast by the clouds and storms of civil warm

the most terrible visitation that can fall upon a settled country. The chief names in poetry during this period are WITHER, CAREW, HERRICK, and HERBERT, all of whom were born in the sixteenth century; and the chief prose writers are Sir ThoMAS BROWNE, FULLER, JEREMY TAYLOR, and BAXTER, all of whom were born in the first years of the seventeenth.

2. GEORGE WITHER was born in 1588, and died in 1667. He was educated at Magdalen College Oxford. In 1613 he was thrown into the Marshalsea for a satire on the ruling powers; and at this time he wrote his poem called Shepherd's Hunting. He was a strong ad- raod herent of the Puritan party, and in the civil war he raised a troop of horse for the Parliamentarians. To do this he sold all his property. He had the misfortune to be taken prisoner in an engagement, and was left for execution; but his life is said to have been saved by a