78

THE ROBBER LYDIUS AT CREMNA.

on the siege, and that they bore the fatigue of it with great resolution, he pulled down the houses, and making the ground fit for tillage, sowed corn for the maintenance of those that were in the town. But the number being so great that they were in need of much more provision, he turned out of the place all that were of no service, both male and female. The enemy perceiving his design, forced them back again; on which Lydius threw them headlong into the trenches that surrounded the walls, where they died.

"Having done this, he constructed a mine, from the town beyond the enemy's camp, through which he sent persons to steal cattle and other provisions. By these means he provided for the besieged a considerable time, until the affair was discovered to the enemy by a woman. Lydius, however, still did not despond; but gradually retrenched his men in their wine, and gave them a smaller allowance of corn. But this not answering the end, he was at length driven to such straits, that he killed all that were in the town, except a few of his adherents, sufficient as he thought to defend it.

"But when he had resolved to persevere against

DEATH OF THE ROBBER LYDIUS.

79

all dangers, there happened at length this accident. There was with him, in the town, a man who was expert in making engines, and in using them with such dexterity, that when Lydius ordered him to shoot a dart at any of the enemy, he never missed his aim. It happened that Lydius had ordered him to hit a particular person, when either accidentally, or on purpose, he missed, for which he stripped and scourged him severely, and moreover, threatened him with death.

"The man was so exasperated on account of the blows he had received, and so affrighted at the menaces, that he took an opportunity to steal out of the town; and falling in with some soldiers, to whom he gave an account of his actions and sufferings, he showed them an aperture in the wall, through which Lydius used to inspect all that was done in their camp, and promised them to shoot him as he was looking through it in his usual manner.

"The commander of the expedition on this took the man into favour, who, having planted his engine, and placed some men before him that he might not be discovered by the enemy, took aim at Lydius as he looked through the aperture, and

80

CONJECTURES ON CREMNA.

with a dart shot him and gave him a mortal wound. He had no sooner received this wound, than he became still more strict with some of his own men. Having enjoined them upon oath never to surrender the place, he expired with much struggling."*

In this relation Crymna is said to be in Lycia, whereas clearly the ruins of Germè, if not, in Pamphylia, are on its frontier. But this is of little consequence, for Crymna and Cremna are clearly the same places, and perhaps the mistake of Zosimus arose from Lycia being placed, at the time he wrote, and long previous, under the proconsul of Pamphylia.

There is still a considerable difficulty in understanding to what the passage of Strabo, "this city is about thirty stadia lower down than the fortress," refers. If by the city is meant Sagalassus, as there can be little doubt, either the fortress cannot be Cremna, or the ruins at Germè are not the ruins of that place for instead of thirty stadia, that is, near four miles, the distance is at least fifteen miles.

Again, Sandalium, another fortress of consi

Hist. of Zosimus, book i. p. 33.

VOL. II.

SANDALIUM AND CREMNA.

81

derable strength, because Amyntas did not attempt to take it, was said to lie between Sagalassus and Cremna. Now, if these two cities were only at the short distance of thirty stadia from each other, it is hardly conceivable that Sandalium should be between them; but if Cremna be rearly at Germè, perhaps the castle on the mountain behind Issar-keuy may be Sandalium.

What the ancient name of Chackall-kalesè may have been, I will not venture to conjecture.

If, after all, the ruins of Germè should not be those of Cremna, they will be probably those of Cormasa, Isionda or Cretopolis.

Cremna was placed among the dioceses in the second province of Pamphylia, which is certainly in favour of its position at Germè. The only bishop whose name has been preserved is Theo

dorus.

G

CHAPTER IV.

Descent from the Acropolis of Germè-Road to, and arrival at, the Cassaba of Bujak-Motive for Turkish hospitality— Probable situation of Perga, Lystra, and Derbe-Leave Bujak-Pilgrims from the Crimea-Arrival at BourdourZeal for education among Greeks and Turks-Ancient city, whether Lysinoe or Cretopolis-Rev. Joseph Wolff-Road from Aglason to Bourdour, and description of the town.

OUR good friend Kyriacos declaring that he had seen quite enough old stones to satisfy his antiquarian appetite, had long ago separated from us. At three o'clock, Mr. Dethier and I having in vain strained our lungs in calling for him and the guide, in every possible direction, began our descent from the acropolis. We were in doubt about the road, and in greater about finding our horses; but with the direction of another kind Turcoman we regained the road near Germè, but our horses were no longer at the fountain.

Concluding they had advanced on the road to