Impeachment by house of represen-Pay fixed by congress. With the tatives of United States; tried by governor, possess several legisla-" tive powers. Freehold qualification of 500 acres requisite.

what you are about, you work for eternity."

While Mr. B. was walking one day in Westminster Abbey, he observed a person standing before his principal work, who seemed to pride himself on his taste and skill in the arts, and who was exuberant in his remarks. "This monument of Chatham," said he to Mr. B. whom it is evident he mistook for an ignorant stranger, "is admirable upon the whole, but it has great defects." "I should be greatly obliged," said Mr. B." if you would be so kind as to point them out to me." "Why here," said the critic," and there.... do you not see? bad....very bad!" at the same time employing his stick upon the lower figures with a violence that was likely to injure the work. "But," said Mr. B. I should be glad to be acquainted why the parts you touched are bad?" He found, however, nothing determinate in the reply, but the same vague assertions repeated, and accompanied with the same violence. "I told Bacon," said he, "repeatedly of this while the monument was forming; I pointed out other defects, but I could not convince him." "What, then, you are personally acquainted with Bacon?" said Mr. B. "O yes," replied the stranger, "I have been intimate with him for many years.' "It is well for you then," said Mr. B. taking leave of him," that your friend Bacon is not now at your elbow, for he would not have been well pleased at seeing his work so roughly handled."

HISTORY OF THE LONDON BREWERY, FROM THE BEGINNING OF KING WILLIAM'S REIGN TO THE PRESENT TIME.

IN the beginning of king Wilham's reign, the duty on strong beer, or ale, was Is. 3d. per barrel: the brewer then sold his brown ale at 16s. per barrel, and the small beer, which was made from the same grains, at 6s. per barrel. These

VOL. II. NO. VII.

were mostly fetched from the brewhouse by the customers themselves, and paid for with ready money; so that the brewer kept but few servants, fewer horses, had no stock of beers or ales by him, no purchasing of leases of public houses, no bad debts, and but a trifling number of casks, and his money, consequently, returned before he either paid his duty or for his malt. The victualler then sold this ale for 2d. per quart. Soon after, our wars with France occasioned further duties on this commodity. I think that, in 1689, 9d. per barrel more was laid upon strong beer, and 3d. per barrel on small beer. In 1690, the duty was advanced 2s. and 3d. per barrel on strong beer, and 9d. per barrel upon small; and, in 1692, an additional duty of 9d. per barrel was laid upon strong beer only. At this period the brewer raised his price from 16s. to 18s. and 19s. per barrel; and the victualler raised his price to 24d. per quart. Now we come to the queen's time, when, France disturbing us again, the malt tax, the duty on hops, and that on coals, took place; and, as the duty on malt surpassed that on hops, the brewers endeavoured at a liquor wherein more of the latter should be used: thus the drinking of beer became encouraged in preference to ale. This beer, when new, they sold for 22s. per barrel, and, at the same time, advanced their ale to 19s. and 20s: per barrel; but the people, not easily weaned from their heavy, sweet drink, in general drank ale mixed with beer from the victualler at 241. to 244. per quart. The gentry now residing in London more than they hal done in former times, introduced the pale ale and pale small beer, which they were habituated to in the country, and either engaged some of their friends, or the London brewers, to make for them these kinds of drink; and affluence and cleanliness promoted the delivery of them in the brewers' own casks, and at his charge. Pale malt being dearest, the brewer being loaded with more tax and expence, fixed the

4

price of such small beer at 8s. and 10s. per barrel, and the ale at 30s. per barrel: the latter was sold by the victualler at 4d. per quart, and under the name of two-penny. This little opposition excited the brown beer trade to produce, if possible, a better sort of commodity, in their way, than heretofore had been made. They began to hop their mild beers more, and the publican started three, four, or six butts at a time; but so little idea had the brewer, or his customer, of being at the charge of large stocks of beer, that it gave room to a set of monied people to make a trade, by buying these beers from brewers, keeping them some time, and selling them, when stale, to victuallers, for 25s. or 26s. per barrel.

Our tastes but slowly alter or reform. Some drank mild and stale beer, others what was then called S-threads, at 3d. per quart; but many used all stale, at 4d. per quart. On this footing stood the trade until about the year 1722, when the brewers conceived that there was a mean to be found preferable to any of these extremes; which was, that beer should be well brewed, and from being kept its proper time, becoming mellow (i.e. neither new nor stale), it would recommend itself to the public. This they ventured to sell at 23s. per barrel, that the victualler might retail it at 3d. per quart. Though it was slow, at first, in making its way, yet, as it was certainly right in the end, the experiment succeeded beyond expectation. The labouring people, porters, &c. found its utility; from whence came its appellation of porter, or entire butt. As yet, however, it was far from being in the perfection which

we have since had it.

Porter was, at different times, raised to 30s. per barrel, where it remained till the year 1799, and was retailed at 34. per quart, when, in consequence of malt rising in price to from 41. to 41. 10s. and 51. per quarter, and hops from 41. 10s. to 171. 181. and 201. per cwt. porter was raised to 11. 15s. per barrel, and

retailed at 4d. per quart. Ale, likewise, experienced a rise of from 21. 2s. to 21. 12s. 6d. per barrel.

OF ST. PAUL'S PROFESSION, OR

TRADE.

ST. PAUL frequently says, in his Epistles, that he received no pay from the christian communities, except from that of Philippi, and that he earned his bread by the labour of his own hands, though at the same time he declares, that the labourer is worthy of his hire, and that the teacher deserves to be recompensed by those who are taught. He even ordained that other teachers should be paid by the churches, and excluded only himself from a participation of the pay*. He says, in express terms, to the elders of the church at Ephesus, where he had resided three years, "I have coveted no man's silver, or gold, or apparel; yea, ye yourselves know, that these hands have ministered unto my necessitics, and to them that were with met." Now St. Paul had generally several assistants with him; and when he was at Ephesus, he by no means lived in a narrow or sparing manner; for he hired a public auditory, where he daily taught the doctrines of christianity, and where every one was permitted to enter without fee or reward. And among his Ephesian friends he reckoned several Asiarchs, who were opulent annual magistrates, and who were certainly not christians, as it was their office, especially of one of their body, to preside over the religious games, of which the president defrayed the greatest part of the expence. Nor does St. Paul appear

*See 1 Cor. ix. 2 Cor. xi, 7-11. Gal. vi, 6-10. Phil. iv, 10-16. 1 Tim.

v, 17, 18.

† Acts xx, 33, 34.

Acts xix, 9.

See Boze's Essay on this subject, in the 17th volume of the Memoires de l'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres.