A wrong letter in a word is noted by drawing a short perpendicular line through it, and making another short line in the margin, behind which the right letter is placed. (See No. 1.) In this manner whole words are corrected, by drawing a line across the wrong word and making the right one in the margin opposite.

A turned letter is noted by drawing a line through it. and writing the mark No. 2 in the margin.

If letters or words require to be altered from one character to another, a parallel line or lines must be made underneath the word or letter; viz., for capitals, three lines; small capitals, two lines; and italics, one line; and, in the margin opposite the line where the alteration occurs, caps, small caps, or ital. must be written. (See No. 3.)

When letters or words are set double, or are required to be taken out, a line is drawn through the superfluous word or letter, and the mark No. 4 placed opposite in the margin.

Where the punctuation requires to be altered, the correct point," marked in the margin, should be encircled.

When a space is omitted between two words or letters which should be separated, a caret must be made where the separation ought to be and the sign No. 6 placed opposite in the margin.

No. 7 describes the manner in which the hyphen and ellipsis line are marked.

When a letter has been omitted, a caret is put at the place of omission, and the letter marked as No. 8.

Where letters that should be joined are separated, or where a line is too widely spaced, the mark No. 9 must be placed under them, and the correction denoted by the marks in the margin.

..... Placed under erased words, restores them.

No. 11 shows the way in which the apostrophe, Inverted commas, the star, and other references, and superior letters and figures, are marked.

Where two words are transposed, a line is drawn over one word and below the other, and the mark No. 12 placed in the margin; but where several words require to be transposed, their right order is signified by a figure placed over each word, and the mark No. 12 in the margin.

Where words have been struck out, that have afterward been approved of, dots should be marked under them, and stet written in the margin.

Where a space sticks up between two words, a horizontal line is drawn under it, and the mark No. 14 placed opposite, in the margin.

Where several words have been left out, they are transcribed at the bottom of the page, and a line drawn from the place of omission to the written words (see No. 15); but if the omitted matter is too extensive to be copied at the foot of the page, Out, see copy, is written in the margin, and the missing lines are inclosed between brackets, and the word Out is inserted in the margin of the copy.

where letters stand crooked, they are noted by a line (see No. 16); but where a page hangs, lines are drawn across the entire part affected.

When a smaller or larger letter, of a different font, is improperly introduced into the page, it is noted by the mark No. 17, which signifies wrong font.

If a paragraph is improperly made, a line is drawn from the broken-off matter to the next paragraph, and No written in the margin. (See No. 18.)

Where a word has been left out or is to be added, a caret must be made in the place where it should come in, and the word written in the margin. (See No. 19.) Where a faulty letter appears, it is denoted by making

Famous Poems and Their Authors. "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" is the master composition of Thomas Gray (1716-1771). "The Minstrel" is the production of James Beattie (1735-1803).

"Rock of Ages" is from the pen of Augustus Montague Toplady (1740-1778).

The Farmer's Boy" was written by Robert Bloomfield (1766-1823).

"The Burial of Sir John Moore" is the effort of Charles Wolfe (1791-1823).

"Woodman, Spare that Tree" is the work of George P. Morris (1802-1864).

"The Buccaneer "" Dana (1789-1879).

was composed by Richard Henry

word or words that have dots under them.

Begin a paragraph.

/Letters stand crooked.

Should be a compound word.

Cor L Remove to left.

"Star Spangled Banner" was written by Francis Scott Key (1790-1843).

La Marseillaise" is the work of Rouget de L'Isle (1760-1836). "Home, Sweet Home" is by John Howard Payne (1792-1852). "From Greenland's Icy Mountains" is the composition of Reginald Heber (1783-1826).

"Battle Hymn of the Republic" was written by Julia Ward Howe (1819).

"Ben Bolt" is from the pen of Thomas Dunn English (1819).

"Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep" is by Emma C. Willard (1847-1870).

"Hail, Columbia" is the production of Joseph Hopkinson (1770-1842).

FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS.

Abderit. Democritus, the original laughing philosopher, was born in Abdera, a Thracian city. From him a scoffer or person given to continual laughing is called an Abderite.

Abraham's Bosom. The rest of the blessed dead. Abyla and Calpe, the Pillars of Hercules, the exit from the Mediterranean.

Academics. Plato's disciples were so called from the Academy.

Academy. (Academe.) Plato founded his school in a gymnasium of this name near Athens, 368 B. C. Academy, The French. A French scientific body limited to forty members.

Acadia. Formerly the name of Nova Scotia. Adam's Apple. A part of the throat where, it is said, a piece of the forbidden fruit lodged.

Admirable Crichton, The. James Crichton, an accomplished Scotchman of the sixteenth century. Admiral. The highest rank in the Navy. Æneid. An epic poem by Virgil.

Ages. The five ages of the world according to Hesiod, are the Golden, the Silver, the Brazen, the Heroic. and the Iron.

Alabama. A Confederate privateer built in England. Sunk by the Kearsarge June 19, 1864.

Aladdin's Window, To Finish. Trying to complete another's work. Aladdin's palace was perfect except one window left for the Sultan to finish, but his treasure failed him.

Albany Regency. Name applied sixty years ago to some Democrats at Albany, N. Y.

Albino. A person with white skin and hair and red eyes. The Portuguese so called the white negroes. Albion. England, so called from the chalky white cliffs.

Aldine Press. Founded by Aldus Manutius at Venice in 1496. Editions of the classics issued from this press were called the Aldine editions. This term is now applied to some elegant editions of English works. Alexandrian Library. Was founded by Ptolemy Philadelphus. It contained 700,000 volumes, and was burnt 47 B. C.

Alexandrine Age. 323-640, when Alexandria was the seat of the highest culture.

Alhambra. A magnificent palace and a fortress built by the Moors at Granada, in Spain.

All-Hallows. All Saints' day, November 1st.
Allah. Arabic name of God.

Almacks. Assembly room in London where the most exclusively aristocratic balls were given.

Almighty Dollar. A phrase first used by Irving in his Creole Village, and which has become quite common The title of a play.

Alsatia. A quarter in London where criminals take refuge.

Alto-Relievo. Figures in marble or castings projecting one half or more from the tablet. Ambrosia. Food of the Gods.

Anachronism. An error in computing time. Anacreontics. Poems composed in the manner of Anacreon, a great poet noted for his exact imitation of

nature.

Ancien Regime. The French Government previous to the revolution of 1798.

Angling, The Father of. Izaak Walton.

Annus Mirabilis. (Wonderful year.) A. D. 1666. Noted for the great fire in London, the Plague, and an English victory over the Dutch.

Antoninus, The Wall of. Was built by the Romans in A. D. 140 across Scotland between the Clyde and the Frith of Forth; an embankment of earth.

Apollo Belvedere. One of the most beautiful and perfect representations of the human form is the statue of Apollo in the Belvedere Gallery of the Vatican Palace at Rome.

Appian Way. The road from Rome to Capua. The oldest Roman road.

Apples of Sodom. Beautiful fruit, but full of ashes. Applied figuratively to the disappointment of sin. Apple, Golden. Prize for beauty disputed before París, between Juno, Pallas, and Venus; awarded by him to Venus.

Arabesque. Decoration in Moorish style. Arcadian. A shepherd; a Greek grazing country named Arcadia has furnished this word to the poets. Argo. The ship in which Jason and his fifty-four companions sailed when going to Colchis for the Golden Fleece.

Artesian Well. Boring in the earth until water is reached that will flow spontaneously. Their first use was in Artois, France.

Aryans. The stem of the Indo-European peoples. Astor Library. Founded by John Jacob Astor in New York City.

Athens, The Modern. Boston.

Augustan Age. As the most flourishing period of the Roman literature was during the time of Augustus, that name is given to any age wherein literature is preeminent.

Auld Reekie. Edinburgh, Scotland.

Avalon. King Arthur's burial place, Glastonbury. Ayrshire Poet, The. Burns. Born 1759, died 1796. His birthplace was near Ayr in Scotland.

Barnburners. A name given some years ago to radical Democrats, a leading man amongst whom was John Van Buren.

Babylonish Captivity. The seventy years' captivity of the Jews at Babylon, 608-538 B. C.

Baconian Philosophy. The inductive philosophy of Lord Bacon.

Balmoral Castle. A Scotch castle owned by Queen Victoria, where she spends most of her time in summer. Bank of England. Founded 1694.

Bard of Avon. Shakespeare, so called from his home being Stratford-on-Avon.

Barmecide's Feast. A mockery, a delusion, and a sham. Barmecide asked a starving beggar to dinner, and seated him at a table of empty dishes.

Basilisk. A mythical serpent with power to kill by merely looking at its victim.

Basso Relievo. Figures in marble and castings that project but a little from the plane.

Bastile. French prison and fortress. People were incarcerated here by lettre de cachet, without notice or trial. Destroyed by a mob, 1789.

Battle of the Books. Satire by Dean Swift comparing ancient and modern literature.

Battle of the Kegs. A practical joke on the British General Loring. Detailed in a ballad of the Revolutionary War. Battery, The. A park in New York City adjoining the river.

Beacon Street. The aristocratic residence street of Boston.

Beauty and the Beast. A fairy tale. Beauty lives with the Beast to save her father's life. By her love she disenchants the Beast, who proves to be a great Prince. Bedlam. A mad-house.

Bee, The Attic. Plato; so called from his honeyed style.

Bee, The Busy. An example of communal industry. Beelzebub. A Philistine deity.

Begging the Question. Assuming as true what you are to prove.

Belle France, La. Beautiful France.
Belgravia. Fashionable quarter of London.

Bell the Cat. In a convention of mice it was proposed to hang a bell on the cat's neck, to give warning of her coming. No one would serve on the committee. Bell, The Passing. Rung formerly when persons were dying.

At

Beloved Disciple, The. St. John. Bess, Good Queen. Queen Elizabeth. Bibliotheque National. (National Library.) Paris; contains over 1,000,000 books, 150,000 MSS. Billingsgate. Coarse language. Such as is used at the fish market of Billingsgate in London; a fishwife's tongue being said to be remarkably expressive.

Black Death. A plague which desolated Europe, Asia, and Africa in the fourteenth century.

Black Friday. Gold panic Sept. 24, 1869. Immense fortunes lost and won same day. Investigation could never discover the true cause of it.

Black Hole of Calcutta. Dark prison cell wherein Surajah Dowlah shut up 146 British soldiers; only 23 lived till morning.

Black Prince, The. Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Edward III.

Black Republicans. The Republican party of U. S., so called when opposing the extension of slavery. Blarney Stone. Its supposed virtue when kissed is to impart a smooth and oily tongue. Profusion of compliments is called Blarney. This stone is in Blarney Castle, near Cork, Ireland.

Bluebeard. A wife-killing tyrant, in a nursery story. Blue Laws. Some severe New England statutes were so called.

Blue Stocking. A literary society at Venice in 1400, whose members wore blue stockings, is the origin of this name for a female pedant.

Bohemian. As opposed to Philistine, an artist or literary man living loosely by his wits.

Bois de Boulogne. A Parisian promenade. Border, The. Frontier of England and Scotland. Border Minstrel, The. Sir Walter Scott. Border States. Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri.

Bourgeoisie. A class of the people of France mostly composed of traders and manufacturers.

Boulevard. A wide street in Paris, in the place of the ancient ramparts.

Bourse. Parisian stock exchange.

Bow Bells. A set of bells in the Church of St. Maryle-Bow, London. One "born within sound of Bow Bells" is a Cockney.

Bowery, The. A New York thoroughfare.

Boycott. To refuse to have anything to do with a person. To let him severely alone. A trying ordeal passed through by Captain Boycott in Ireland in 1881. No one would sell to him, buy from him, work for him, or speak to him.

Brandy Nose. Queen Anne of England. Breeches Bible, The. An edition in which "aprons" în Gen. iii. 7 is rendered "breeches.'

Bride of the Sea. Venice. Bridge of Sighs. In Venice. Connects Doge's Palace and State Prison. Over this bridge the condemned passed when on their way to be executed. British Museum. Library and museum in London. Broadway. The principal business street of New Brook Farm. A Socialistic community to carry out the idea of Fourierism; was founded at West Roxbury, Mass., 1841.

York.

Brother Jonathan. America; an American. Some doubt as to its origin, but it is said to come from Gov. Jonathan Trumbull, of Connecticut, in speaking of whom Washington would say, "We must consult Brother Jonathan."

Buncombe. Clap-trap speeches, to cajole constituents, more than for immediate effect. Buncombe is in North Carolina. A North Carolina member said a fiery speech was not delivered to the House, but to Buncombe.

Bunker Hill Monument. An obelisk of granite marking the site of the battle of Bunker Hill, fought between the British and Americans, June 17, 1775.

Cachet, Lettres de. (Sealed letters.) Blank warrants with the seal of the French King already affixed for imprisoning or releasing any person in the Bastile. Caledonia. Scotland.

Calumet. An Indian pipe. In old times a treaty of peace with the red men would be ratified by smoking the calumet.

Campagna. The plains around the city of Rome. Carbonari. A secret political society organized in Italy, 1820.

Carmagnole. Song and dance in the French Revolu

tion.

Cartesian Philosophy. From Descartes, "I think, therefore I exist."

Castle Garden. At New York City, the landing-place of emigrants.

Catacombs. Subterranean sepulchers. About three miles from Rome in the Appian Way a vast number of long underground passages about three feet wide and ten feet high. On each side in niches were deposited the bodies of the martyrs and early Christians. These niches were closed with tiles or slabs of marble having proper inscriptions on them. During the persecutions the Christians concealed themselves in these caves. Cavalier Servente. The escort of a married woman. Cecilia, St. A martyr; patroness of music. Celestial Empire. China, whose first emperors were all divinities.

Central Park. The great park of New York City; contains 863 acres.

Champs de Mars. A field in Paris for military

maneuvers.

Champs Elysees. A promenade in Paris. Charter Oak. A tree in Hartford, Conn., in which the Colonial Charter was secreted in 1688. It was blown down in 1856.

Chauvinism. Patriotism of the blatant kind, from Chauvin, one of Scribe's characters.

Cheapside. A thoroughfare in London.

Chiltern Hundreds, To Accept the. A member of the English Parliament cannot resign, and cannot hold office during membership. If he wishes to leave, he can vacate his seat by accepting the office of Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds..

Chiltern Hundreds. A tract in Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, England, to which is attached the nominal office of steward under the crown.

Christ Church. The name of the largest college in the University of Oxford.

Cid, The. The Spanish hero, Don Roderigo Laynez, Count of Bivar.

Cincinnati, The. Society of American Revolutionary officers.

Citizen King, The. Louis Philippe of France. Cockagne, Land of. An imaginary country of ease and pleasure; usually applied to London.

Colossus of Rhodes. A brass statue, one of the wonders of the world, which stood astride the entrance to the port of Rhodes.

Columbia. Poetical name of the United States. Column of Vendome. A stone pillar in Paris erected by Napoleon, commemorating the successes of the French armies. It was thrown down by the Com

munists in 1871.

Confederate States. The eleven states which seceded in 1861, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.

Congressional Library. At Washington; it is the largest in the United States.

Consols. English public securities.

Copperheads. Northern sympathizers with the South in the Civil war.

Corncrackers, The. Kentuckians.

Corn Law Rhymer, The. Ebenezer Elliott.
Corso. The chief thoroughfare of Rome.
Crapaud Johnny. A Frenchman.

Credit Mobilier. An authorized stock company. The American Credit Mobilier formed for raising money for the Pacific Railroad raised a foul odor in 1873. Crocodile Tears. Counterfeit sorrow. A fable says the crocodile weeps as it eats its victim.

Cumberland. A United States vessel sunk by the Confederate ram Merrimac in Hampton Roads, March 8, 1862.

Curfew Bell. At 8 o'clock, the ringing of the curfew bell in old times in England, all lights were extinguished, the fires raked up and covered, and the people of the Kingdom retired to bed. This rule, made by William the Conqueror, lasted for a long time, and even yet there is some sign of its observance in the nine o'clock bell rung in many parts of New England.

Damocles' Sword. Damocles, having commented upon the happiness which the tyrant Dionysius must enjoy, was invited by him to a feast where, whilst discussing the good things, he looked up and discovered a sword hanging by a single hair immediately over his head.

Darby and Joan. The loving couple.

Darwinian Theory. An explanation of the origin of species in animals, that they come from one or a few original forms, the present differences resulting from development and natural selection.

De Profundis. The 130th Psalm; part of the burial service.

Debatable Ground. Land on the western border of Scotland, disputed between England and Scotland. Defender of the Faith. Henry VIII. received this title from Pope Leo X., and his successors have borne it ever since.

Directory, The French. By the Constitution of 1705 the executive power was vested in five Directors; it lasted only four years.

Dixie, The Land of. The Southern States. Dizzy. The nickname of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield. The place where the Ecclesi

Doctors' Commons. astical Court sat in London. Doctrinaire. A cant term in French politics, given

FAMILIAR ALLUSIONS.

Argonauts. The adventurers on the Argo.
Argus-eyed. Crafty, watchful. Argus had a hun-

over Io.

Abraham's Bosom. The rest of the blessed dead. Abyla and Calpe, the Pillars of Hercules, the exit from the Mediterranean.

Academics. Plato's disciples were so called from the Academy.

Academy. (Academe.) Plato founded his school in a gymnasium of this name near Athens, 368 B. C. Academy, The French. A French scientific body limited to forty members.

Acadia. Formerly the name of Nova Scotia. Adam's Apple. A part of the throat where, it is said, a piece of the forbidden fruit lodged.

Admirable Crichton, The. James Crichton, an accomplished Scotchman of the sixteenth century. Admiral. The highest rank in the Navy. Æneid. An epic poem by Virgil.

Ages. The five ages of the world according to Hesiod, are the Golden, the Silver, the Brazen, the Heroic. and the Iron.

Alabama. A Confederate privateer built in England. Sunk by the Kearsarge June 19, 1864.

Aladdin's Window, To Finish. Trying to complete another's work. Aladdin's palace was perfect except one window left for the Sultan to finish, but his treasure failed him.

Albany Regency. Name applied sixty years ago to some Democrats at Albany, N. Y.

Albino. A person with white skin and hair and red eyes. The Portuguese so called the white negroes. Albion. England, so called from the chalky white cliffs.

Aldine Press. Founded by Aldus Manutius at Venice in 1496. Editions of the classics issued from this press were called the Aldine editions. This term is now applied to some elegant editions of English works. Alexandrian Library. Was founded by Ptolemy Philadelphus. It contained 700,000 volumes, and was burnt 47 B. C.

Alexandrine Age. 323-640, when Alexandria was the seat of the highest culture.

Alhambra. A magnificent palace and a fortress built by the Moors at Granada, in Spain.

All-Hallows. All Saints' day, November 1st.
Allah. Arabic name of God.

Almacks. Assembly room in London where the most exclusively aristocratic balls were given.

Almighty Dollar. A phrase first used by Irving in his Creole Village, and which has become quite common. The title of a play.

Alsatia. A quarter in London where criminals take refuge.

Alto-Relievo. Figures in marble or castings projecting one half or more from the tablet. Ambrosia. Food of the Gods.

Anachronism. An error in computing time. Anacreontics. Poems composed in the manner of Anacreon, a great poet noted for his exact imitation of nature.

.

Ancien Regime. The French Government previous to the revolution of 1798.

Angling, The Father of. Izaak Walton. Annus Mirabilis. (Wonderful year.) A. D. 1666. Noted for the great fire in London, the Plague, and an English victory over the Dutch.

Antoninus, The Wall of. Was built by the Romans in A. D. 140 across Scotland between the Clyde and the Frith of Forth; an embankment of earth.

Apollo Belvedere. One of the most beautiful and perfect representations of the human form is the statue of Apollo in the Belvedere Gallery of the Vatican Palace at Rome.

Appian Way. The road from Rome to Capua. The oldest Roman road.

Apples of Sodom. Beautiful fruit, but full of ashes. Applied figuratively to the disappointment of sin. Apple, Golden. Prize for beauty disputed before París, between Juno, Pallas, and Venus; awarded by him to Venus.

Arabesque. Decoration in Moorish style. Arcadian. A shepherd; a Greek grazing country named Arcadia has furnished this word to the poets. Argo. The ship in which Jason and his fifty-four companions sailed when going to Colchis for the Golden Fleece.

Armada, The Spanish. A fleet of 130 ships gathered by Philip II. of Spain for the invasion of England in 1588. Queen Elizabeth was busy preparing for resistance when the news came that a storm had completely wrecked the Armada.

Artesian Well. Boring in the earth until water is reached that will flow spontaneously. Their first use was in Artois, France.

Aryans. The stem of the Indo-European peoples. Astor Library. Founded by John Jacob Astor in New York City.

Athens, The Modern. Boston.

Augustan Age. As the most flourishing period of the Roman literature was during the time of Augustus, that name is given to any age wherein literature is preeminent.

Auld Reekie. Edinburgh, Scotland.

Avalon. King Arthur's burial place, Glastonbury. Ayrshire Poet, The. Burns. Born 1759, died 1796. His birthplace was near Ayr in Scotland.

Barnburners. A name given some years ago to radical Democrats, a leading man amongst whom was John Van Buren.

Babylonish Captivity. The seventy years' captivity of the Jews at Babylon, 608-538 B. C.

Baconian Philosophy. The inductive philosophy of Lord Bacon.

Balmoral Castle. A Scotch castle owned by Queen Victoria, where she spends most of her time in summer. Bank of England. Founded 1694.

Bard of Avon. Shakespeare, so called from his home being Stratford-on-Avon.

Barmecide's Feast. A mockery, a delusion, and a sham. Barmecide asked a starving beggar to dinner, and seated him at a table of empty dishes.

Basilisk. A mythical serpent with power to kill by merely looking at its victim.

Basso Relievo. Figures in marble and castings that project but a little from the plane.

Bastile. French prison and fortress. People were incarcerated here by lettre de cachet, without notice or trial. Destroyed by a mob, 1789.

Battle of the Books. Satire by Dean Swift comparing ancient and modern literature.

Battle of the Kegs. A practical joke on the British General Loring. Detailed in a ballad of the Revolutionary War.

Battery, The. A park in New York City adjoining the river.

Beacon Street. The aristocratic residence street of Boston.

Beauty and the Beast. A fairy tale. Beauty lives with the Beast to save her father's life. By her love she disenchants the Beast, who proves to be a great Prince. Bedlam. A mad-house.

Bee, The Attic. Plato; so called from his honeyed style.

Bee, The Busy. An example of communal industry. Beelzebub. A Philistine deity.

Begging the Question. Assuming as true what you are to prove.

Belle France, La. Beautiful France.
Belgravia. Fashionable quarter of London.

Bell the Cat. In a convention of mice it was proposed to hang a bell on the cat's neck, to give warning of her coming. No one would serve on the committee. Bell, The Passing. Rung formerly when persons were dying.

At

Beloved Disciple, The. St. John. Bess, Good Queen. Queen Elizabeth. Bibliotheque National. (National Library.) Paris; contains over 1,000,000 books, 150,000 MSS. Billingsgate. Coarse language. Such as is used at the fish market of Billingsgate in London; a fishwife's tongue being said to be remarkably expressive.

Black Death. A plague which desolated Europe, Asia, and Africa in the fourteenth century.

Black Friday. Gold panic Sept. 24, 1869. Immense fortunes lost and won same day. Investigation could never discover the true cause of it.

Black Hole of Calcutta. Dark prison cell wherein Surajah Dowlah shut up 146 British soldiers; only 23 lived till morning.

Black Prince, The. Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Edward III.

Black Republicans. The Republican party of U. S., so called when opposing the extension of slavery. Blarney Stone. Its supposed virtue when kissed is to impart a smooth and oily tongue. Profusion of compliments is called Blarney. This stone is in Blarney Castle, near Cork, Ireland.

Bluebeard. A wife-killing tyrant, in a nursery story. Blue Laws. Some severe New England statutes were so called.

Blue Stocking. A literary society at Venice in 1400, whose members wore blue stockings, is the origin of this name for a female pedant.

Bohemian. As opposed to Philistine, an artist or literary man living loosely by his wits.

Bois de Boulogne. A Parisian promenade. Border, The. Frontier of England and Scotland. Border Minstrel, The. Sir Walter Scott. Border States. Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri.

Bourgeoisie. A class of the people of France mostly composed of traders and manufacturers.

Boulevard. A wide street in Paris, in the place of the ancient ramparts.

Bourse. Parisian stock exchange.

Bow Bells. A set of bells in the Church of St. Maryle-Bow, London. One "born within sound of Bow Bells is a Cockney.

Bowery, The. A New York thoroughfare.

Boycott. To refuse to have anything to do with a person. To let him severely alone. A trying ordeal passed through by Captain Boycott in Ireland in 1881. No one would sell to him, buy from him, work for him, or speak to him.

Brandy Nose. Queen Anne of England. Breeches Bible, The. An edition in which "aprons" in Gen. iii. 7 is rendered "breeches."

Bride of the Sea. Venice.

Bridge of Sighs. In Venice. Connects Doge's Palace and State Prison. Over this bridge the condemned passed when on their way to be executed.

British Museum. Library and museum in London.
Broadway. The principal business street of New

York.

Brook Farm. A Socialistic community to carry out the idea of Fourierism; was founded at West Roxbury, Mass., 1841.

Brother Jonathan. America; an American. Some doubt as to its origin, but it is said to come from Gov. Jonathan Trumbull, of Connecticut, in speaking of whom Washington would say, "We must consult Brother Jonathan."

Buncombe. Clap-trap speeches, to cajole constituents, more than for immediate effect. Buncombe is in North Carolina. A North Carolina member said a fiery speech was not delivered to the House, but to Buncombe.

Bunker Hill Monument. An obelisk of granite marking the site of the battle of Bunker Hill, fought between the British and Americans, June 17, 1775.

Cachet, Lettres de. (Sealed letters.) Blank warrants with the seal of the French King already affixed for imprisoning or releasing any person in the Bastile. Caledonia. Scotland.

Calumet. An Indian pipe. In old times a treaty of peace with the red men would be ratified by smoking the calumet.

Campagna. The plains around the city of Rome. Carbonari. A secret political society organized in Italy, 1820.

Carmagnole. Song and dance in the French Revolu

tion.

Cartesian Philosophy. From Descartes, "I think, therefore I exist."

Castle Garden. At New York City, the landing-place of emigrants.

Catacombs. Subterranean sepulchers. About three miles from Rome in the Appian Way a vast number of long underground passages about three feet wide and ten feet high. On each side in niches were deposited the bodies of the martyrs and early Christians. These niches were closed with tiles or slabs of marble having proper inscriptions on them. During the persecutions the Christians concealed themselves in these caves.

Cavalier Servente. The escort of a married woman. Cecilia, St. A martyr; patroness of music. Celestial Empire. China, whose first emperors were all divinities.

Central Park. The great park of New York City; contains 863 acres.

Champs Elysees. A promenade in Paris. Charter Oak. A tree in Hartford, Conn., in which the Colonial Charter was secreted in 1688. It was blown down in 1856.

Chauvinism. Patriotism of the blatant kind, from Chauvin, one of Scribe's characters.

Cheapside. A thoroughfare in London.

Chiltern Hundreds, To Accept the. A member of the English Parliament cannot resign, and cannot hold office during membership. If he wishes to leave, he can vacate his seat by accepting the office of Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds..

Chiltern Hundreds. A tract in Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, England, to which is attached the nominal office of steward under the crown.

Christ Church. The name of the largest college in the University of Oxford.

Cid, The. The Spanish hero, Don Roderigo Laynez, Count of Bivar.

Cincinnati, The. Society of American Revolutionary officers.

Citizen King, The. Louis Philippe of France. Cockagne, Land of. An imaginary country of ease and pleasure; usually applied to London.

Colossus of Rhodes. A brass statue, one of the wonders of the world, which stood astride the entrance to the port of Rhodes.

Columbia. Poetical name of the United States. Column of Vendome. A stone pillar in Paris erected by Napoleon, commemorating the successes of the French armies. It was thrown down by the Communists in 1871.

Confederate States. The eleven states which seceded in 1861, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.

Congressional Library. At Washington; it is the largest in the United States.

Consols. English public securities.

Copperheads. Northern sympathizers with the South in the Civil war.

Corncrackers, The. Kentuckians.

Corn Law Rhymer, The. Ebenezer Elliott.
Corso. The chief thoroughfare of Rome.
Crapaud Johnny. A Frenchman.

Credit Mobilier. An authorized stock company.
The American Credit Mobilier formed for raising money
for the Pacific Railroad raised a foul odor in 1873.
Crocodile Tears. Counterfeit sorrow.
A fable says

the crocodile weeps as it eats its victim. Cumberland. A United States vessel sunk by the Confederate ram Merrimac in Hampton Roads, March 8, 1862.

Curfew Bell. At 8 o'clock, the ringing of the curfew bell in old times in England, all lights were extinguished, the fires raked up and covered, and the people of the Kingdom retired to bed. This rule, made by William the Conqueror, lasted for a long time, and even yet there is some sign of its observance in the nine o'clock bell rung in many parts of New England.

Damocles' Sword. Damocles, having commented upon the happiness which the tyrant Dionysius must enjoy, was invited by him to a feast where, whilst discussing the good things, he looked up and discovered a sword hanging by a single hair immediately over his head.

Darby and Joan. The loving couple.

Darwinian Theory. An explanation of the origin of species in animals, that they come from one or a few original forms, the present differences resulting from development and natural selection.

De Profundis. The 130th Psalm; part of the burial service.

Debatable Ground. Land on the western border of Scotland, disputed between England and Scotland. Defender of the Faith. Henry VIII. received this title from Pope Leo X., and his successors have borne it ever since.

Directory, The French. By the Constitution of 1705 the executive power was vested in five Directors; it lasted only four years.

Dixie, The Land of. The Southern States. Dizzy. The nickname of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield.

Doctors' Commons. The place where the Ecclesiastical Court sat in London.

Doctrinaire. A cant term in French politics, given