Under CENSUS APPORTION- Whole MENT Nu'ber of Rep resent Year Populat'n Year Ratio atives 1789 30,000 65 33,000 105 33,000 141 of members elected every second year by the | sentatives from each State, and notifying the vote of citizens who, according to the laws of respective States of this action. Each State their respective States, are qualified to vote. will then rearrange its congressional districts In general such voters are all male citizens for the next election, which will take place over twenty-one years of age. Neither race in November, 1902, and the apportionment nor color affects the right of citizens. The then established in accordance with the next franchise is not absolutely universal; residence enumeration will hold for ten years. The for at least one year in most States (in Rhode apportionment at the various censuses has Island and Kentucky two years, in Michigan been as follows:and Maine three months) is necessary, in some States the payment of taxes, in others registration. On the other hand, many of the Western States admit to the franchise unnaturalized persons who have formally declared their intention to become citizens. Untaxed Indians are excluded from the franchise, in most States convicts, in some States duelists and fraudulent voters; in Massachusetts Fourth Census voters are required to be able to read English, and in Mississippi and South Carolina there are also educational restrictions. Colo- Eighth Census rado, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming admit women to the franchise on equal terms with men. The number of members to which each State is entitled is determined by the census taken every ten years. By the Apportionment Act consequent on the census of 1890, the number of representatives was 357, distributed as follows: Constitution Second Census Fifth Census 213 1790 3,929,214 1793 1800 5,308,483 1803 1810 7,239,881 1813 35,000 181 1820 9,633,822 1823 40,000 1830 12,866,020 1833 47,700 240 1840 17,069,453 1843 70,680 1850 23,191,876 1853 93,423 1860 31,443,321 1863 127,381 Ninth Census 1870 38,558,371 1873 131,425 Tenth Census 1880 50,155,783 1883 151,911 Eleve'th Census 1890 62,622,250 1893 173,901 223 233 243 293 325 356 According to the terms of the Constitution, representatives must not be less than twentyfive years of age, must have been citizens of the United States for seven years, and be residents in the States from which they are chosen. In addition to the representatives from the States, the House admits a "delegate" from each organized Territory, who has the right 9 to speak on any subject and to make motions, 1 but not to vote. The delegates are elected in 2 the same manner as the representatives. 1 2 21 30 9 6 New Hampshire California 7 New Jersey Colorado 2 New York 34 2 Each of the two houses of Congress is made 7 by the Constitution the "judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own 13 members"; and each of the houses may, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member. The Congress of the United States has the power to propose alterations in the Constitu10 tion, by the 5th article of the same. The 1 article orders that the Congress, whenever two 357 thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to the Constitution, or, on the application of the Legislatures of two thirds of all the States, shall call a convention for proposing the amendments, which in either case shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or other mode of ratification may be proposed by Congress. On the basis of the last census there is one representative to every 173,900 inhabitants. The popular vote for Presidênt in 1896 was about 14,000,000, or nearly one in five of the entire population. In 1890 there were in the United States 16,940,311 males of voting age 21 years and over, including unnaturalized foreigners. The next apportionment will be based upon the Federal census of 1900, the results of which census will be reported to the Congress assembling the first Monday in December of that year, the Congress passing an apportionment act providing the requisite number of repre Slavery was abolished throughout the whole of the United States by the Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution, adopted Dec. 18, 1865. The vast change in the political and social organization of the Republic made by this new fundamental law was completed by the fourteenth and fifteenth Amendments of the Constitution, adopted in 1868 and 1870, which gave to the former slaves all the rights and privileges of citizenship. Under an act of Congress approved Jan. 20, 1874, the salary of a senator, representative, or delegate in Congress is $5,000 per annum with traveling expenses calculated at the rate of twenty cents per mile, by the most direct route of usual travel, and similar return, once for each session of Congress. There is also an annual allowance of $125 for stationery, etc., for each member. The salary of the Speaker of the House of Representatives is, under the same Act of Congress, $8,000 per annum. No senator or representative can, during the time for which he is elected, be appointed to any civil office under authority of the United States which shall have been created or the emoluments of which shall have been increased during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States can be a member of either house during his continuance in office. No religious test is required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. The Vice-President of the United States, as before stated, is President of the Senate, but he has no vote unless there is a tie. The Senate has the sole power to try all impeachments, and it acts upon the nominations for appointment by the President; it also acts upon treaties submitted to it by the administration. The Senate may be called in extra session for these purposes by the President without the Congress being called together. All bills for raising revenue must originate in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments to such bills, as on all other bills. Judiciary.-The judicial system, like the executive and legislative systems, is dual. The Federal Government maintains courts for the trial of civil causes arising out of the admiralty, patent, banking, and other laws of the United States; of certain causes between citizens of different States; and of crimes against the United States. These crimes are few in number, and the criminal jurisdiction of United States courts is comparatively insignificant, extending only to piracy, murder on the high seas, offenses against the postal and revenue laws, and the like. Almost all offenses against the person and against property are dealt with by the State courts; also all civil causes where the parties are residents of the same State, and matters of probate, divorce, and bankruptcy. The period usually termed "a Congress' in legislative language continues for two years; as, for example, from noon, March 4, 1899, until March 4, 1901, at which latter time the In the separate States the lowest courts are term of the representatives to the Fifty-sixth those held by Justices of the Peace, or, in Congress expires, and the term of the new towns and cities, by Police Judges. In the House of Representatives commences; but a counties courts of record are held, some by new Congress does not assemble, unless called local county officers, others by District or together by the President in special session, Circuit Judges, who go from county to county. until the first Monday in December following, In these courts there are usually the grand and and the organization of the House, that is, the petty jury. The highest court in each State election of the Speaker and other officers, takes is the Supreme Court, or Court of Final Applace on the first assembling, whether in special peal, with a Chief Justice and Associate session after the 4th of March of every second Judges. These judges are usually elected by year, as stated, or on the first Monday in De- the people, but sometimes appointed by the cember after its term begins. While the Governor, with or without the Senate or Counsessions of the Senate are held contemporane- cil; they usually hold office for terms of years, ously with those of the House, its organization but sometimes practically for life or during may continue from Congress to Congress. There are usually two sessions of each Congress-the first or long session, which may hold until adjourned by resolution of the two Houses, and the short session, which is the closing one, and which expires on the 4th of March every second year, the new Congress beginning its term the same day. Neither house of Congress can adjourn for more than three days at any one time without the joint action of both. In case of a disagreement of the two houses as to adjournment, the President has the right to prorogue the Congress. good behavior. Their salaries vary from $2,500 to $7,500. Of the Federal Courts the lowest are those of the districts, of which there are about sixty, each State forming one or more districts. These courts may try any case of crime against the United States not punishable with death. Above these are nine Circuit Courts, each with a Circuit Judge, with or without the local District Judge; but one or two District Judges may by themselves hold a Circuit Court. The Circuit Court Judges appoint commissioners, whose duty it is to arrest, examine, and commit persons accused of crime against the United States, and to assist the Circuit and District Judges in taking evidence for the trial of such persons. These duties may, however, be performed by a judge or magistrate of extraordinary session, but not to dissolve or either a State or the Federal Government. Each of the nine Justices of the Supreme Court must hold a Court in one of the nine circuits at least once every two years, and with each may be associated the Circuit or District Judge. The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and eight Associate Judges, appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate. It deals with appeals from inferior courts, and has original jurisdiction in cases affecting foreign ministers and consuls, and those in which a State is a party. Other courts with criminal jurisdiction are the Court of the District of Columbia and those of the Territories. There is also at Washington a Court of Claims. States and Territories. — The Union comprises thirteen original States, seven States which were admitted without having been organized as Territories dependent on the Union, and twenty-five States which had been Territories. Each State has its own constitution, which must be republican in form, and each constitution derives its authority, not from Congress, but from the population of the State. In the case of the original States the colonial charters were adopted, with more or less modification, as State constitutions; the other States, before entering the Union, had constitutions already made. Admission of States into the Union is granted by special Acts of Congress, either (1) in the form of enabling Acts," providing for the drafting and ratification of a State constitution by the people, in which case the Territory becomes a State as soon as the conditions are fulfilled, or (2) accepting a constitution already framed and at once granting admission. ject appointments made by the Governor. In most of the States the sessions are biennial, the Governor having power to summon in adjourn. State Legislatures are competent to deal with all matters not reserved for the Federal Government by the Federal Constitution, or falling within restrictions imposed by the State constitutions. Among their powers are the determinations of the qualifications for the right of suffrage, and the control of all elections to public office, including elections of members of Congress and electors of President and Vice-President; the criminal law, both in its enactment and in its execution, with unimportant exceptions, and the administration of prisons; the civil law, including all matters pertaining to the possession and transfer of, and succession to, property; marriage and divorce, and all other civil relations; the chartering and control of all manufacturing, trading, transportation, and other corporations, subject only to the right of Congress to regulate commerce passing from one State to another; the regulation of labor; education; charities; licensing, including regulation of the liquor traffic; fisheries and game laws. The revenues of the States are derived chiefly from a direct tax upon property, in some cases both real and personal, in others on land and buildings only. The prohibition upon Congress to levy direct taxes save in proportion to population, contained in the National Constitution, leaves this source of revenue to the States exclusively. The Governor is chosen by direct vote of the people over the whole State. His term of office varies from one year (in 2 States), to four years (in 19 States), and his salary from $1,500 to $10,000. His duty is to see to the faithful administration of the law, and he has command of the military forces of the State. His power of appointment to State offices is usually unimportant. He may recommend measures but does not present bills to the Legislature. In some States he presents estimates. the States except Delaware, North Carolina, Ohio, and Rhode Island, the Governor has the power to veto bills, but where this power exists the Legislature, by a two thirds vote, may override the veto. In all Each State is provided with a Legislature of two Houses, a Governor, and other executive officials, and a judicial system. Both Houses of the Legislature are elective, but the Senators (having larger electoral districts) are less numerous than the members of the House of Representatives, while in some States their terms are longer and, in a few, the Senate is only partially renewed at each election. Members of both Houses are paid at the same rate, The officers by whom the administration of which varies from $150 to $1,500 per session, State affairs is carried on-the Secretaries, or from $1 to $8 per day during session. The Treasurers, and Auditors, and in some of the duties of the two Houses are similar, but in States members of boards or commissions many States money bills must be introduced are usually chosen by the people at the general first in the House of Representatives. The State elections for terms similar to those for Senate has to sit as a court for the trial of which Governors themselves hold office. In officials impeached by the other House, and, some States commissioners are appointed by besides, has often the power to confirm or re- the Governor. Including Hawaii, there are now six Territories, and when the status of Porto Rico is established there will probably be seven Territories. Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma have local Legislatures, the form of which has been prescribed by the Federal Government; they have powers similar to those of the States, but any of their acts may be modified or annulled by Federal statutes. The Governor of each of the Territories, except the Indian Territory, is appointed for four years by the President, to whom annual reports are submitted. These Governors have the power of veto over the acts of Territorial Legislatures. The President appoints the Territorial Secretaries and other officials, together with Territorial judges. HAWAII. Constitution and Government.-The Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands, discovered by Captain Cook in 1778, formed during the greater part of the nineteenth century an independent kingdom, whose integrity was recognized by Great Britain, France, the United States, and other governments. In 1893, however, the reigning Queen, Liliuokalani, was deposed, and a provisional government formed; in 1894 a Republic was proclaimed, with a Legislature of two Houses and a President; and in accordance with a resolution of Congress of July 7, 1898, the islands were on August 12, 1898, formally annexed to the United States. Five commissioners were appointed to recommend such legislation concerning the isAlaska and the Indian Territory have no lands as they should deem necessary and proper, power of self-government, the former being and in the beginning of December the report governed like a British crown colony, by a of the Commission with its legislative proGovernor who is not assisted by a Legislature. posals was transmitted to Congress. The In the Indian Territory the native tribes are principal Bill provides for the erection of the under the direct control of the Department of islands into a Territory, to be styled the Terthe Interior, but the civilized tribes, with the ritory of Hawaii. All whites, including Portsupport of the National Government, maintain uguese, all persons of African descent, and all local governments of their own, with elective descendants of Hawaiian race, either on the Legislatures and executive officers, whose paternal or the maternal side, who were citizens functions are strictly limited to the persons of Hawaii immediately prior to the transfer of and personal property of their own citizens; that is, the Indians. The District of Columbia presents an anomalous status. It is the seat of the Federal Government. It is coextensive with and is practically the City of Washington, and embraces an area of 694 square miles. The District has no municipal legislative body, and its citizens have no right to vote, either in national or municipal affairs. Under an act of 1878 its municipal government is administered by three commissioners, appointed by the President. They constitute a non-partisan board, one being selected from each of the leading political parties, and the third being assigned to duty as a commissioner from the Engineer Corps of the army. All legislation relative to the District of Columbia is by the Congress. All the legislatures, State and Territorial, have biennial sessions, except Georgia, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and South Carolina, which have annual sessions, beginning in January of each year, with the exception of Georgia, whose Legislature meets in October. Nearly all the present biennial sessions began in January, 1899. The States whose Legislatures meet in January, 1900, are Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, and Ohio. Alabama's next biennial session begins in November, 1900, Louisiana's in May, 1900, and Vermont's in October, 1900. the sovereignty to the United States, are de- For military purposes the Islands have been attached to the Department of California. Area and Population. The total area of the islands is 6,640 square miles: namely, Hawaii, 4,210; Maui, 760; Oahu, 600; Kauai, 590; Molokai, 270; Lanai, 150; Niihau, 97; Kahoolawe, 63 square miles. In 1896 the population numbered 109,020 (72,517 males and 36,503 females). Of the total, 31,019 were na-, tives, 8,485 half-castes, 21,616 Chinese, 24,407 Japanese, 15,191 Portuguese, 3,086 Americans, 2,250 British, 1,432 Germans, 378 Norwegians, 101 French, 455 Polynesians, and 600 other foreigners. The population comprised 7,570 persons engaged in agriculture, 2,100 in fishing and navigation, 2,265 in the industries, 2,031 in trade and transport, 2,580 in liberal professions, 34,498 laborers, 4,310 of various occupations, and 53,726 without regular occupation. The native population (closely allied to the Maories of New Zealand) is rapidly decreasing, while the foreign element is increasing. Commerce, Shipping, and Communications. The islands are to a great extent mountainous and volcanic, but the soil United States, and to assist the Circuit and | ject appointments made by the Governor. In District Judges in taking evidence for the trial most of the States the sessions are biennial, of such persons. These duties may, however, the Governor having power to summon in be performed by a judge or magistrate of extraordinary session, but not to dissolve or either a State or the Federal Government. adjourn. State Legislatures are competent to Each of the nine Justices of the Supreme deal with all matters not reserved for the Court must hold a Court in one of the nine Federal Government by the Federal Constitucircuits at least once every two years, and with tion, or falling within restrictions imposed by each may be associated the Circuit or District the State constitutions. Among their powers Judge. The Supreme Court consists of a are the determinations of the qualifications for Chief Justice and eight Associate Judges, ap- the right of suffrage, and the control of all pointed by the President with the consent of elections to public office, including elections of the Senate. It deals with appeals from in- members of Congress and electors of President ferior courts, and has original jurisdiction in and Vice-President; the criminal law, both in cases affecting foreign ministers and consuls, its enactment and in its execution, with unimand those in which a State is a party. portant exceptions, and the administration of prisons; the civil law, including all matters pertaining to the possession and transfer of, and succession to, property; marriage and divorce, and all other civil relations; the chartering and control of all manufacturing, trading, transportation, and other corporations, subject only to the right of Congress to regulate commerce passing from one State to another; the regulation of labor; education; charities; licensing, including regulation of the liquor traffic; fisheries and game laws. The revenues of the States are derived chiefly from a direct tax upon property, in some cases both real and personal, in others on land and buildings only. The prohibition upon Congress to levy direct taxes save in proportion to population, contained in the National Constitution, leaves this source of revenue to the States exclusively. Other courts with criminal jurisdiction are the Court of the District of Columbia and those of the Territories. There is also at Washington a Court of Claims. States and Territories. The Union comprises thirteen original States, seven States which were admitted without having been organized as Territories dependent on the Union, and twenty-five States which had been Territories. Each State has its own constitution, which must be republican in form, and each constitution derives its authority, not from Congress, but from the population of the State. In the case of the original States the colonial charters were adopted, with more or less modification, as State constitutions; the other States, before entering the Union, had constitutions already made. Admission of States into the Union is granted by special Acts of Congress, either (1) in the form of "enabling Acts," providing for the drafting and ratification of a State constitution by the people, in which case the Territory becomes a State as soon as the conditions are fulfilled, or (2) accepting a constitution already framed and at once granting admission. His The Governor is chosen by direct vote of the people over the whole State. His term of office varies from one year (in 2 States), to four years (in 19 States), and his salary from $1,500 to $10,000. His duty is to see to the faithful administration of the law, and he has command of the military forces of the State. power of appointment to State offices is usually unimportant. He may recommend measures but does not present bills to the Legislature. In some States he presents estimates. the States except Delaware, North Carolina, Ohio, and Rhode Island, the Governor has the power to veto bills, but where this power exists the Legislature, by a two thirds vote, may override the veto. Each State is provided with a Legislature of two Houses, a Governor, and other executive officials, and a judicial system. Both Houses of the Legislature are elective, but the Senators (having larger electoral districts) are less numerous than the members of the House of Representatives, while in some States their terms are longer and, in a few, the Senate is only partially renewed at each election. Members of both Houses are paid at the same rate, which varies from $150 to $1,500 per session, or from $1 to $8 per day during session. The duties of the two Houses are similar, but in many States money bills must be introduced first in the House of Representatives. The Senate has to sit as a court for the trial of officials impeached by the other House, and, besides, has often the power to confirm or re- the Governor. In all The officers by whom the administration of State affairs is carried on-the Secretaries, Treasurers, and Auditors, and in some of the States members of boards or commissions are usually chosen by the people at the general State elections for terms similar to those for which Governors themselves hold office. In some States commissioners are appointed by |