The Governor of each of the Territories, except the Indian Territory, is appointed for four years by the President, to whom annual reports are submitted. These Governors have the power of veto over the acts of Territorial Legislatures. The President appoints the Territorial Secretaries and other officials, together with Territorial judges.

Including Hawaii, there are now six Terri- | HAWAII. tories, and when the status of Porto Rico is Constitution and Government.-The established there will probably be seven Terri- Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands, discovered by tories. Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma Captain Cook in 1778, formed during the have local Legislatures, the form of which has greater part of the nineteenth century an inbeen prescribed by the Federal Government; dependent kingdom, whose integrity was recogthey have powers similar to those of the States, nized by Great Britain, France, the United but any of their acts may be modified or an- States, and other governments. In 1893, hownulled by Federal statutes. ever, the reigning Queen, Liliuokalani, was deposed, and a provisional government formed; in 1894 a Republic was proclaimed, with a Legislature of two Houses and a President; and in accordance with a resolution of Congress of July 7, 1898, the islands were on August 12, 1898, formally annexed to the United States. Five commissioners were appointed to recommend such legislation concerning the isAlaska and the Indian Territory have no lands as they should deem necessary and proper, power of self-government, the former being and in the beginning of December the report governed like a British crown colony, by a of the Commission with its legislative proGovernor who is not assisted by a Legislature. posals was transmitted to Congress. The In the Indian Territory the native tribes are principal Bill provides for the erection of the under the direct control of the Department of islands into a Territory, to be styled the Terthe Interior, but the civilized tribes, with the ritory of Hawaii. All whites, including Portsupport of the National Government, maintain uguese, all persons of African descent, and all local governments of their own, with elective descendants of Hawaiian race, either on the Legislatures and executive officers, whose paternal or the maternal side, who were citizens functions are strictly limited to the persons of Hawaii immediately prior to the transfer of and personal property of their own citizens; that is, the Indians.

The District of Columbia presents an anomalous status. It is the seat of the Federal Government. It is coextensive with and is practically the City of Washington, and embraces an area of 694 square miles. The District has no municipal legislative body, and its citizens have no right to vote, either in national or municipal affairs. Under an act of 1878 its municipal government is administered by three commissioners, appointed by the President. They constitute a non-partisan board, one being selected from each of the leading political parties, and the third being assigned to duty as a commissioner from the Engineer Corps of the army. All legislation relative to the District of Columbia is by the Congress. All the legislatures, State and Territorial, have biennial sessions, except Georgia, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and South Carolina, which have annual sessions, beginning in January of each year, with the exception of Georgia, whose Legislature meets in October. Nearly all the present biennial sessions began in January, 1899. The States whose Legislatures meet in January, 1900, are Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, and Ohio. Alabama's next biennial session begins in November, 1900, Louisiana's in May, 1900, and Vermont's in October, 1900.

the sovereignty to the United States, are declared citizens of the United States. Prior to the transfer all Hawaiians of full age who could speak, read, and write either Hawaiian or English, had the right to vote. The number of registered electors on September 3, 1897, was 2,687.

For military purposes the Islands have been attached to the Department of California.

Area and Population. The total area of the islands is 6,640 square miles: namely, Hawaii, 4,210; Maui, 760; Oahu, 600; Kauai, 590; Molokai, 270; Lanai, 150; Niihau, 97; Kahoolawe, 63 square miles. In 1896 the population numbered 109,020 (72,517 males and 36,503 females). Of the total, 31,019 were na-. tives, 8,485 half-castes, 21,616 Chinese, 24,407 Japanese, 15,191 Portuguese, 3,086 Americans, 2,250 British, 1,432 Germans, 378 Norwegians, 101 French, 455 Polynesians, and 600 other foreigners. The population comprised 7,570 persons engaged in agriculture, 2,100 in fishing and navigation, 2,265 in the industries, 2,031 in trade and transport, 2,580 in liberal professions, 34,498 laborers, 4,310 of various occupations, and 53,726 without regular occupation. The native population (closely allied to the Maories of New Zealand) is rapidly decreasing, while the foreign element is increasing.

Commerce, Shipping, and Communications. -The islands are to a great extent mountainous and volcanic, but the soil

Antonio Bridge.

The district of its name con- and the total area, including the Sulu Islands, is about 115,300 square miles. The population is estimated at about 8,000,000. The capital of the Philippines, Manila, has 154,062 inhabitants (1887); other towns are Laoag, 30,642; Lipa, 43,408; Banang, 35,598; Batangas, 35,587. There are about 25,000 Europeans in the islands and about 100,000 Chinese, in whose hands are the principal industries. The native inhabitants are mostly of the Malayan race, but there are some tribes of Negritos. The group is divided into three governments: Luzon, the Visayas, and Mindanao with the Sulu Islands; but in many of the islands the natives have hitherto been practically independent.

tains 27,000 inhabitants. On the western end of the island Ponce de Leon built the Governor's palace, inclosed within the Santa Catalina fortifications, where also are the cathedral, town house, and theater. This portion of the city is now called Pueblo Viejo. It is an Episcopal see subordinate to the Archbishop of Santiago de Cuba. The city is strongly fortified for the defense of the entrance to the outer harbor. The interior harbor is landlocked, capacious, and safe, and is being dredged to a uniform depth of twenty-nine feet. The houses are of stone, usually one story high, and have roof gardens, from which fine marine views may be enjoyed. Almost every house has a garden in its patio or court. Besides the capital, San Juan, there are some sixty or seventy towns and villages of considerable size in the island. Of these the most important are Ponce and Arecibo, each with a larger population than San Juan (that of Ponce being about 35,000 or 40,000, while that of San Juan is estimated at 25,000); Mayaguez (also larger than the capital) and Aguadilla, on the west coast; Farjardo and Humacao, on the east coast: Guanica and Aroyo, on the south, and Pepino and Cayey, in the interior.

Commerce.-The foreign trade of Porto Rico in 1896 amounted to $36,624,120, the imports being valued at $18,945,793, and the exports at $17,295,535. The largest trade was done with Spain, being $11,259,702, and the next largest with the United States, $6,526,029. In the year 1897 the imports from the United States were $1,988,888, and the exports to the United States $2,181,024. The imports from the United States included petroleum, ironware, dried and salted meats, textiles, and dairy products. Rice was the principal article of import from the rest of the world.

The largest article of export from Porto Rico is coffee, which is over 63 per cent. of the whole. The next largest is sugar, 28 per cent. The other exports in order of amount are tobacco, honey, molasses, cattle, timber, and hides.

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

These islands, ceded by Spain to the United States by the treaty signed by the Peace Commissioners, Dec. 10, 1898, and ratified by the Senate, Feb. 6, 1899, and by the Queen Regent of Spain March 17, extend almost due north and south from Formosa to Borneo and the Moluccas, embracing an extent of 16° of latitude and 9 of longitude. They are about 2,000 in number; the two largest are Luzon (area 40,024 square miles) and Mindanao;

Financial and Industrial Conditions.-Silver is the basis of the currency in the Philippine Islands. There is no gold in general circulation, and has been none for more than twenty years. The Mexican dollar of a date previous to 1877 is current in the islands, and it is practically the only money in general circulation. The Spanish Government, in the summer of 1897, coined $6,000,000 of silver in a local currency, which was sent to the islands. These dollars are lighter in weight than the Mexican dollar, but the scarcity of money in the Philippine Islands caused them to be quickly absorbed. There is a local note-issuing bank, called the Banco Español Filipino, which has in circulation notes based on silver, of which there was outstanding on Sept. 30, 1898, approximately $2,500,000.

It is estimated there are in circulation $10,000,000 of subsidiary coins, the 10-cent, 20cent, and 50-cent pieces, which have been recoined from Mexican dollars by the Spanish Government. The estimate of the Mexican dollars now in circulation, as given by one of the best-informed bankers in the islands, is from $20,000,000 to $25,000,000. This, with the $2,500,000 of notes of the Banco Español Filipino now in circulation, constitutes the currency of the islands. This would make a total of from $40,000,000 to $45,000,000, speaking roughly, for the entire islands, or, approximately, $5 per capita for the total population of the islands. It must not be overlooked that these figures are given on a silver basis, and that, therefore, in figuring on our own standard all of these figures must be cut in two. On a gold basis, the currency of the islands is, therefore, from $20,000,000 to $22,500,000, or $2.50 per capita, figuring on the total population of the islands.

Three banking institutions do the banking business of the Philippine Islands aside from that done by the large commercial houses,

which buy and sell exchange, and to a limited | mize labor, and there was no United States at extent carry on the business which legitimate- hand, as in the case of Cuba, to invest money ly belongs to banking institutions. Of the in plantations and develop the business in acthree banks, the two most important are cordance with modern ideas. There is no branch concerns, the third being a local insti- doubt that the culture of the cane can be imtution controlled by Spaniards and natives. mensely extended, and the methods of production would be modernized very rapidly if capital were directed toward the islands and there were a greater degree of confidence in their future.

bridges being of stone or iron, and the station buildings substantial. English engines are used, which make 45 miles per hour. The Government assisted in the construction of the road by making valuable concessions of land with right of way its entire length and by guaranteeing 8 per cent. per year upon the stock of the road for a period of ninety-nine years, when it is to become State property. So far, adds the Consul, the road has paid more than 10 per cent. per annum to shareholders.

Mr. Elliott also states that the Compania Transatlantica (Manila-Liverpool) maintains a monthly service to Europe; that there are four lines of steamers to Hong Kong, and many local lines plying between Manila and the provinces, the largest having twenty-eight steamers of 25,000 tonnage. GUAM (LADRONES).

all branches of the administration, civil and military; while in Havana and each of the six provinces military governors have been or are being appointed, who will receive instructions from the Governor General.

Area and Population.-The area of Cuba is about 45,872 square miles. Ten per cent. of the area is cultivated, 7 per cent. is unreclaimed, and 4 per cent. is under forests. There are large tracts of country still unexplored. The population of the island in 1894 was given as 1,631,696, of which 65 per cent. was white, the remainder being negro. The capital, Havana, has 200,000 inhabitants; Matanzas (1892), 27,000; Santiago de Cuba, 71,307; Cienfuegos (1892), 27,430; Puerto Principe, 46,641; Holguin, 34,767; Sancti Spiritu, 32,608; Cardenas (1892), 23,680. Education was made obligatory in 1880. There are 843 public schools in the island, and Havana has a university.

from 30 to 160 miles.

The Island of Guam or Guahan, the largest in the Marianne or Ladrone Archipelago, was Consul Hyatt, of Santiago do Cuba, in a ceded by Spain to the United States in 1898, report dated January 8, 1897, and printed in Consular Reports No. 197 (February, 1897), and will probably be used as a coaling station for the United States navy. The island is P. 262, says that the area of Cuba is about about 32 miles long and 100 miles in circum-equal to that of the State of Pennsylvania, the ference, and has a population of about 9,000, length being 775 miles and the width varying of whom about 6,000 are in Agaña, the capital. mineral wealth, and climatic conditions of the The productive soil, The inhabitants are mostly immigrants or the island entitle it to rank among the foremost descendants of immigrants from the Philip- communities of the world. The soil is a pines, the original race of the Marianne Islands marvel of richness, and fertilizers are seldom having become extinct. The recognized language is Spanish, but English is also spoken. On the island there are 18 schools, and nine

tenths of the islanders can read and write.

The island is thickly wooded, well watered, and fertile, and possesses a roadstead.

CUBA.

Government.-Cuba after having been continuously in the possession of Spain from its discovery, was by the peace preliminaries and by the definite treaty signed by the Peace Commissioners at Paris, December 10, 1898, and ratified by the Senate February 6, 1899, and by the Queen Regent of Spain March 17, 1899, relinquished by Spain, and thus has the position of an independent state. The direct armed interposition of the United States in the struggle against Spanish domination has, however, brought the island into close association with the United States Government, and though Congress has affirmed Cuban independence, the island is now held in military occupation by the United States forces. So long as the occupation lasts the United States Government assumes and discharges the resulting obligations with respect to the protection of life and property, and a military Governor General has been appointed, who will control

used, unless in the case of tobacco, even

though the same crops be grown on the same land for a hundred years, as has happened in tains are of coral formation, while the lowlands some of the old sugar cane fields. The mounof eastern Cuba at least seem to be composed largely of fossils of sea matter from prehistoric times and are extremely rich in lime and phosphate, which accounts for their apparent inexhaustibleness.

Although founded and settled more than fifty years before the United States, Cuba has still 13,000,000 acres of primeval forests; mahogany, cedar, logwood, redwood, ebony, lignum-vitæ, and caiguaran (which is more durable in the ground than iron or steel) are among the woods.

If all the land suitable to the growth of sugar cane were devoted to that industry, it is estimated that Cuba might supply the entire Western Hemisphere with sugar. The island has already produced in a single year for export 1,000,000 tons, and its capabilities have only been in the experimental stage. The adaptability of the soil for tobacco culture has long been known. Cuba takes great pride in the quality of her coffee, and until the war the plantations were flourishing.