MANNING, Henry Edward, 1808-92, Eng. Roman Catholic church in 1851; archbishop of Westminster, 1865; cardinal, 1877. MANTEUFFEL, Edwin Hans Carl von, Baron, 1800-83, Prussian field-marshal. MARAT, Jean Paul, 1744-93, Fr. Jacobin demagogue, assassinated by Charlotte Corday. MARCELLUS, Marcus Claudius, 268?-208 B. C., Rom. consul. MARGARET (Semiramis of the North), 1353-1412, queen of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. MACCHIAVELLI, Nicolo di Bernardo dei, | 1469-1527, It. statesman and author; among Catholic prelate and author; united with the his numerous writings are his " History of Florence" and "The Prince," the latter of which (not intended for publication, but for the private perusal of the Medici) has rendered the name Macchiavelli the synonym of perfidy. MCCLELLAN, George Brinton, 1826-85, Am. general; born in Philadelphia; graduate of West Point; served in the Mexican war, and in 1855 served on a commission sent by the government to make observations on the Crimean war; became chief engineer of the Illinois Central railroad in 1857; re-entered the army, 1861, taking command of the Federal troops in Western Virginia, and gained the victories of Rich Mountain and Cheat River; November, 1861, became commander of the armies of the United States; gained a victory at Fair Oaks, 1862, but was forced to relinquish the plan of reducing Richmond; superseded by Gen. Pope, but recalled, and defeated the Confederates under Lee at Antietam ; relieved of command about six weeks later; Democratic candidate for the presidency in 1864, and afterward elected governor of New Jersey. MCCORMICK, Cyrus Hall, 1809-84, Am. inventor of reaping machine. McCosн, James, 1811-1894, Scot. theologian in America. MACDONALD, Sir John A., 1814-91, Canadian premier. MCDOWELL, Irvin, 1818-85, Am. general. MACKENZIE, Morrell, Sir, 1837-92, Eng. physician. MACMAHON, Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de, Duc de Magenta, 1808-93, marshal of France and president of the Fr. republic. MACREADY, William Charles, 1793-1873, Eng. tragedian. MADISON, James, 1751-1836, fourth president of the United States; born in Virginia; member of the Virginia legislature and delegate to the convention of 1787; joint author with Jay and Hamilton of the Federalist; Congress, 1789-97; secretary of state, 1801-9; president, 1809-17. MARGARET OF ANJOU, 1429-82, queen of Henry VI. of England. MARGARET OF ANGOULEME, 1492-1549, queen of Navarre and author. MARGARET OF AUSTRIA, 1480-1530, regent of the Netherlands. MARGARET OF VALOIS, 1553-1615, queen of France. MARIA DE' MEDICI, 1573-1642, queen of France. MARIA LOUISA, 1791-1847, empress of France. MARIA THERESA, 1717-80, empress of Austria and queen of Hungary and Bohemia. MARIE ANTOINETTE, 1755-93, wife of Louis XVI. of France; guillotined. MARION, Francis, 1732-95, Am. Revolutionary general. MARIUS, Caius, 157-86 B. C., Rom. general and consul. MARLBOROUGH, John Churchill, Duke of, 1650-1722, Eng. commander; commanded the English forces in the Netherlands, 1689; commanded in Ireland, 1690; accused of treason, deposed and confined in the Tower, 1692; reinstated, 1696; commanded the allied armies in Holland, 1702; won the battle of Blenheim, 1704; Ramilles, 1706; Oudenarde, 1708; Malplaquet, 1709. MARLOWE, Christopher, 1564-93, Eng. dramatist. MARQUETTE, Jacques, 1637-75, Fr. missionary and discoverer; explored the Mississippi. MARSHALL, John, 1755-1835, Am. jurist MAGELLAN, Fernando, 1470-1521, Port. and statesman; chief justice of the United navigator. MAHMOOD, Abool-Kasim-Yemeen-ed-Dowlah, 967-1030, Mohammedan conqueror. MAINTENON, Françoise d'Aubigné de, Marquise, 1635-1719, consort of Louis XIV. MALIBRAN, Marie Felicita (née Garcia), 1808-36, Fr. vocalist and actress. MALTHUS, Thomas Robert, 1766-1834, Eng. writer on political economy. MANDEVILLE, Sir John, 1300-72, Eng. traveler. States. MARTEL, Charles, Duke of Austrasia (the MARY STUART, 1542-87, queen of Scots; daughter of James V. and Mary of Guise; MENELEK, emperor (or negus) of Abyssinia; proclaimed March 12, 1889. MENNO SYMONS (Menno Simonis), 14961561, Frieslandic founder of the Mennonites. MERIMÉE, Prosper, 1803-70, Fr. novelist. MESMER, Friedrich Anton, 1733-1815, Ger. discoverer of mesmerism.” METELLUS, Quintus Cæcilius, fl. 100 B. C., Rom. general. METTERNICH, Clemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar von, 1775-1859, Austrian statesman. MEYERBEER, Giacomo (Jakob Meyer-Beer), 1794-1864, Ger. composer. educated in France, where she was married to the Dauphin in 1558, who the following year ascended the French throne as Francis II., but died childless, 1560; invited to the throne of Scotland, and married her cousin, Lord Darnley; suppressed, 1565, a revolt of the Protestants instigated by Queen Elizabeth; joined, 1566, a league to extirpate heresy, and, wearying of the arrogance and dissoluteness of Lord Darnley, bestowed her confidence on David Rizzio, an Italian musician, whose murder was instigated the same year by Mary's jealous husband; Lord Darnley was killed in 1567, and Queen Mary married the Earl of Bothwell the MICHAEL ANGELO (Michelangelo Buonasame year; public sentiment in Scotland rotti), 1475-1564, It. painter, sculptor, archiagainst her became so intense that she was com-tect, and poet; "the Dante of the arts; pelled to fly to England, where she was finally patronized by Lorenzo the Magnificent; inbeheaded on an unproved charge of conspiracy. vited to Rome by Pope Julius II., where he MASANIELLO, 1620-47, Neapolitan insur- designed the church of St. Peter; became gent leader. architect of that magnificent structure in 1546, and devoted the rest of his life almost exclusively to its completion. MASSINGER, Philip, 1584-1640, Eng. drama tist. MATHER, Cotton, 1663-1728, Am. divine and writer, notorious for his persecution of witchcraft. MATHEW, Theobald (Father Mathew), 17901856, Ir. Catholic priest, called "the Apostle of Temperance." MAUPASSANT, de, Henri R. A. G., 1850-93, Fr. novelist. MAURICE, 1521-53, elector of Saxony; Ger. general and Protestant leader. MAURICE OF NASSAU, 1567-1625, Dutch warrior; prince of Orange. MAXIMILIAN (Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph), 1832-67, archduke of Austria and emperor of Mexico; executed by the Mexicans. MAZARIN, Giulio, Cardinal, 1602-61, Fr. prime minister. MAZEPPA, Ivan Stepanovitch, 1644-1709, Polish nobleman and hetman of the Cossacks; hero of Byron's poem. MAZZINI, Giuseppe, 1807-72, It. patriot. MEADE, George Gordon, 1815-72, Am. general; won the battle of Gettysburg. MEDICI, Alessandro de', 1510-37, first duke of Florence; assassinated. MEDICI, Cosimo de' (the Great), 1519-74, first grand duke of Tuscany. MEDICI, Lorenzo de' (the Magnificent), 1448-92, prince of Florence; scholar and patron of literature and art. MEISSONIER, Jean Louis Ernest, 1812-91, Fr. painter. MELANCHTHON, Philipp, 1497-1560, Ger. reformer; leader of the Reformation after Luther's death. MELIKOFF, Loris, 1824-88, Russian general. Ger. composer. MIFFLIN, Thomas, 1744-1800, Am. patriot; president of Continental Congress. 'MILL, James, 1773-1830, Scot. historian and writer. MILL, John Stuart, 1806-73, Eng. philosopher and political economist. MILLAIS, John Everett, 1829-1896, Eng. painter. MILTIADES, f. 500 B. C., Athenian commander; gained the great victory of Marathon. MILTON, John, 1608-74, poet of the Puritans; educated at Cambridge; passed several years in travel; advocated the popular party, opposing prelacy and the established church; wrote many political and controversial works in prose; was appointed in 1648 Latin secretary of the Council of State; in 1654 he had become entirely blind; his "Paradise Lost" was completed in 1655, and sold for £10, half of which was not to be paid until after the sale of 1,300 copies. MINIE, Claude Etienne, 1810-79, Fr. inventor (Minie rifle). MIRABEAU, Honoré Gabriel de Riquetti de, Comte, 1749-91, Fr. orator and statesman ; entered the army in 1776; exiled and imprisoned for debt; separating from his wife, he eloped with a young woman in 1776, for which offense he was condemned to death; escaped, however, with four years' imprisonment; led a wandering life for several years, engaging in numerous intrigues; sent to Berlin on a secret mission in 1786, and elected to the States-General in 1789, and later to the National Assembly, of which he became president in 1791. MITCHEL, Ormsby Macknight, 1810-62, Am. general and astronomer. MITFORD, Mary Russell, 1786-1855, Am. authoress. MITHRIDATES VI. (the Great), 132-63 B. C., king of Pontus. MOHAMMED (or Mahomet), 569-632, conqueror and prophet, and founder of the Moslem religion, which threatened to subdue the Christian world; pretended, at the age of forty, to have received a revelation from Allah, and thenceforth devoted himself to the propagation of his new religion; previous to this time he had been an idolator; his new faith, which included the unity of God, was rejected at Mecca, where a conspiracy was formed against him, but was warmly embraced in Medina, to which place the prophet fled in 622; from this flight called the Hegira, the Mussulmans compute their time; after this event, Mohammed propagated the faith of Islam by the sword, gaining numerous victories, and spreading his religion over a large portion of Western Asia. MOLIÈRE (Jean Baptiste Poquelin), 1622-73, Fr. dramatist and actor; the French Shakes peare. MOLTKE, Carl Bernhard Hellmuth von, Count, 1800-91, commander of the German armies in the Franco-German war; he planned the entire campaign. MONK, George, Duke of Albemarle, 1608-70, Eng. general; restored the monarchy. MONMOUTH, James Scott, Duke of, 1649?85, natural son of Charles II.; rebelled, but was defeated and executed. MONROE, James, 1758-1831, fifth president; born in Virginia; captain in the war of 1812; studied law under Jefferson; Congress, 1783; opposed the Constitution; governor of Virginia, 1799; envoy extraordinary to France, 1802; re-elected governor, 1811; appointed secretary of state same year by Madison; elected president, 1816, and re-elected 1820. MONTAGU, Lady Mary Wortley, 1690-1762, Eng. authoress. MONTAIGNE, Michel Eyquem de, 1533-92, Fr. philosopher and essayist; originator of the modern essay; his "Essays" have been called “the breviary of freethinkers." It is claimed by some scholars that Montaigne's name on the title page of the "Essays was but a cover for Francis Bacon or his brother. MONTALEMBERT, Charles Forbes de, Comte, 1810-70, Fr. publicist. MONTCALM, Louis J. de St. Véran, Marquis of, 1712-59, Fr. commander in Canada. MONTEFIORE, Moses, Sir, 1786-1885, Eng. Jewish philanthropist. MONTESQUIEU, Charles de Secondat, Baron de, 1689-1755, Fr. jurist and philosopher; his Esprit des Lois" is the first philosophy of history. 66 MONTEZUMA II., 1480?-1520, last Aztec emperor of Mexico. MONTFORT, Simon de, 1150?-1218, Norman crusader. MONTFORT, Simon de, Earl of Leicester, 1200?-65, son of preceding; led the barons against Henry III. MONTROSE, James Graham, Marquis of, 1612-50, Scot. general; executed. MOORE, Sir John, 1761-1809, Br. general; fell at Corunna. 66 MOORE, Thomas, 1779-1852, Ir. poet. MORALES, Luis, 1509-86, Sp. painter. MORE, Sir Thomas, 1480-1535, Eng. statesman and philosopher; educated at Oxford; entered Parliament, 1504; produced History of Richard III.," 1513; "Utopia," 1516; became a great favorite of Henry VIII., who made him lord chancellor in 1530; being an ardent Catholic, he refused to sanction the divorce of Queen Catherine and resigned his office in 1532; imprisoned in 1534 for declining to take an oath acknowledging the validity of the king's marriage to Anne Boleyn, and executed the following year for denying the king's supremacy as head of the church. MORRIS, George P., 1802-64, Am. journalist and poet. MORRIS, Gouverneur, 1752-1816, Am. states man. MORRIS, Robert, 1734-1806, Am. statesman and financier. MORRIS, William, 1834-96, Eng. poet. MORSE, Samuel Finley Breese, 1791-1872, Am. inventor of the magnetic telegraph; graduate of Yale College; studied painting in England, returning to America in 1832; constructed small recording electric telegraph in 1835; finally obtained aid from Congress in 1843, and constructed a line between Washington and Baltimore in 1844. MORTIMER, Roger, Earl of March, 1287?1330, favorite of Isabella of England; executed. MORTON, James Douglas, Earl of, 1530-81, regent of Scotland; executed as accessory to Darnley's murder. MOSCHELES, Ignaz, 1794-1870, Ger. pianist and composer. MOSES, 1570-1450 B. C., Hebrew lawgiver; led the Israelites out of Egypt. MOTLEY, John Lothrop, 1814-77, Am. diplomatist and historian. MOTT, Lucretia (née Coffin), 1793-1880, Am. social reformer. MOULTRIE, William, 1731-1805, Am. Revolutionary general. MOZART, Johann Chrysostomus Wolfgang Amadeus, 1756-1791, Ger. composer; composed short pieces at the age of six, and at seven gave concerts in Paris and London; dis- | Eng. theologian; recognized leader of the tinguished for the universality of his genius; he gave artistic form to opera. MÜHLENBERG, Henry Melchior, 1711-87, founder of the German Lutheran church in America. High Church party until 1845, when he became a Catholic; appointed rector of Catholic University at Dublin, 1854, and made a cardinal by Pope Leo XIII. in 1879. NEWTON, Sir Isaac, 1642-1727, Eng. phi MÜHLENBERG, John Peter Gabriel, 1746- losopher; the son of a farmer; graduated at 1807, Am. general. MUNCHAUSEN, Hieronymus Karl Friedrich von, Baron, 1720-97, Ger. soldier and romancist. MURAT, Joachim, 1771-1815, Fr. marshal and king of Italy. MURILLO, Bartolomé Esteban, 1618-82, Sp. painter; excelled as a colorist, and regarded as the greatest of the Spanish school. MURRAY (or Moray), James Stuart, Earl of, 1533-70, regent of Scotland; opponent of Mary Stuart; assassinated. Cambridge, 1665, about which time he invented the "method of fluxions," and discovered the laws of gravitation; discovered, 1668, that light is not homogeneous, but consists of rays of different refrangibility. NEY, Michel, Duke of Echlingen and Prince of the Moskwa, 1796-1815, Fr. marshal; the son of a cooper; entered the army at 18 as a private, and was gradually promoted; Napoleon called him the bravest of the brave,' and his titles were conferred upon him for his services at Echlingen, in 1805, and his victory at the battle of Borodino; commanded the NAPIER, Sir Charles James, 1782-1853, Eng. rear guard in the retreat from Moscow; degeneral in India. NAPIER, John, 1550-1614, Scot. mathematician. NAPIER, Sir William Francis Patrick, 17851860, Br. general and writer. feated by Bernadotte at Dennewitz, 1813; Ger. NICOT, Jean, 1530-1600, Fr. scholar; introduced tobacco. NORTH, Frederick, Lord, 1732-92, Eng. statesman. NORTHCOTE, Sir Stafford Henry, 1818-87, Eng. statesman. NOYES, George Rapall, 1798-1868, Am. theologian. NAPIER OF MAGDALA, Robert Cornelis Napier, Baron, 1810-76, Br. general. NEBUCHADNEZZAR, -561 B. C., Chaldean king of Babylon; conquered Jerusalem, Tyre, and Egypt. NECKER, Jacques, 1732-1804, Fr. statesman and financier; father of Mme. de Staël. NELSON, Horatio, Viscount, 1758-1805, the greatest of Britain's admirals; entered the navy at 13; post-captain, 1779; rear-admiral, 1797, his promotion having been earned by his share in the victory of St. Vincent; lost his right arm in an unsuccessful attack on Teneriffe; won the battle of the Nile in 1798, for which he was raised to the peerage as Baron Nelson of the Nile; became separated from his wife, owing to an infatuation with Lady Hamilton, which lasted until his death; created a viscount for the victory of the Baltic, where, O'CONNELL, Daniel, 1775-1847, Ir. patriot being second in command, he disobeyed the and orator; advocated Catholic emancipation, orders directing him to retreat; fell at Trafal- but opposed resort to arms; elected to Parliagar, where his fleet gained a decisive victory ment, 1828, but not allowed to take his seat over the French and Spanish; his last words, until 1829, when the bill for Catholic emanci..Thank God, I have done my duty." pation was passed; gave up his law practice NEPOS, Cornelius, fl. 5 B. C., Rom. histo- and gave his entire attention to public duties; rian. NERI, Filippo de, Saint (St. Philip Neri), 1515-95, It. founder of the "Priests of the Oratory." NESSELRODE, Charles Robert von, Count, 1780-1862, Russian diplomatist. NESTORIUS. ... . -440?, Syrian prelate; founder of the Nestorian schism. NEWMAN, John Henry, Cardinal, 1801-90, OATES, Titus, 1620-1705, Eng. informer; began advocating the repeal of the union in 1840; was convicted in 1844 on a charge of treason, but sentence was reversed by the House of Lords. OCCAM, William of (the Invincible Doctor), 1280?-1347, Eng. theologian. ODOACER, executed. .... -493, Gothic king of Italy; OERSTED, Hans Christian, 1777-1851, Dan ish natural philosopher; founder of the science of electro-magnetism. OGLETHORPE, James Edward, 1698-1785, Eng. general; colonized Georgia. ÖLLENDORF, Henri Godefroy, 1803-65, Ger. educator. PAOLI, Pasquale di, 1726-1807, Corsican general. PAPINEAU, Louis Joseph, 1789-1871, Canadian politician. PARACELSUS, Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus (Von Hohenheim), 1493 OMAR I., 581-644, Arabian caliph; con- 1541, Swiss alchemist. quered Jerusalem. PAREPA-ROSA, Euphrosyne, 1836-74, Scot. vocalist. PARKER, Theodore, 1810-60, Am. rationalistic theologian. PARKMAN, Francis, 1823-93, Am. historian. PARNELL, Charles Stewart, 1846-91, Ir. statesman. OMAR KHAYYAM, -1123, Persian poet. OMAR PASHA (Michael Lattas), 1806-71, Turkish commander in the Crimean war. ORANGE, William, Prince of (the Silent), 1553-84, founder of the Dutch republic; leader of the insurrection which broke out when it was attempted to introduce the Inquisition into the Netherlands; assassinated. O'REILLY, John Boyle, 1844-91, Ir.-Am. and mathematician. poet and journalist. ORIGEN, 186?-253, Gr. theologian and preacher; endeavored to harmonize the teachings of Christ and Plato. ORLEANS, Louis Philippe Joseph, Duc d', 1747-93, took the popular side on the assembling of the States-General, renounced his titles and assumed the name of Egalité (Equality); voted for the death of his cousin, Louis XVI.; condemned by the revolutionary tribunal and executed; his son, Louis Philippe, afterward became king of France. ORLOFF, Alexis, Count, 1787-1861, Russian general. ORSINI, Felice, 1819-58, It. conspirator; leader in the attempted assassination of Napoleon III. in 1858; executed. OSMAN I., 1259-1326, founder of Ottoman dynasty. OSSOLI, Margaret Fuller, Marchioness, 181050, Am. authoress. OTHо I. (the Great), 912-73, emperor of Germany, Christianized the Danes, deposed Pope John II. OTIS, James, 1725-83, Am. lawyer, orator, and patriot. OVID (Publius Ovidius Naso), B. C. 43-18 A. D., Rom. poet. OWEN, Robert, 1771-1858, Eng. socialist. PAINE, Robert Treat, 1731-1814, Am. lawyer and statesman. PAINE, Thomas, 1737-1809, Am. political writer and freethinker; born in England. PAKENHAM, Sir Edward Michael, 17781815, Br. general; fell at New Orleans. PALEY, William, 1743-1805, Eng. theologian. PALISSY, Bernard, 1506-89, Fr. potter and inventor of pottery enamel; died in the Bas tille. PALMERSTON Henry John Temple, Viscount, 1784-1865, Eng. statesman. PARTON, James, 1822-91, Am. historian. PASTEUR, Louis, 1822-1895, Fr. chemist and pathologist. PATRICK, Saint, 372?-460?, apostle of Ire land. PAUL, Saint, of Tarsus (Saul), 10?-66, apostle and founder of the Christian church, making Christianity a world-religion in place of a Jewish religion. PAUL VERONESE (Paolo Cagliari), 1530?-88, It. painter. PAUSANIAS, fl. 479 B. C., Spartan general. PAYNE, John Howard, 1792-1852, Am. dramatist and poet. PEABODY, George, 1795-1869, Am. philanthropist in England; acquired great wealth as a banker; expended over five millions in benevolent enterprises. PEALE, Rembrandt, 1778-1860, Am. painter. PEEL, Sir Robert (Orange Peel), 1788-1850, Eng. statesman; repealed the corn laws. PENN, William, 1644-1718, Eng. Quaker, statesman, courtier, author, and philanthropist ; founder of Pennsylvania. PEPIN (the Short), 714?-68, king of France; son of Charles Martel and father of Charle magne. PEPYS, Samuel, 1632-1703, Eng. author and scholar. PERCIVAL, James Gates, 1795-1856, Am. poet. PERICLES, 495?-429 B. C., Athenian orator, statesman, and general; became the leader of the democratic party and the first man in Athens; erected many noble public works, including the Parthenon; his age is called "the golden age of Athens." PERRAULT, Claude, 1613-88, Fr. architect. PERRY, Oliver Hazard, 1785-1819, Am. commodore; defeated the British on Lake Erie. PERSIUS FLACCUS, Aulus, 34-62, Rom. satirist. |