courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall at stated times receive for their services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. SECTION II. 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States, between a State and citizens of another State, between citizens of different States, between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or subjects. 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. SECTION III. 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture except during the life of the person attained. 2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall on demand of the Executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. SECTION III. 1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress. 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. SECTION IV. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion, and, on application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. ARTICLE V. Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose The Congress, whenever two thirds of both amendments to this Constitution, or, on the the several States, shall call a convention for application of the Legislatures of two thirds of proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the States, or by conventions in three fourths Legislatures of three fourths of the several thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the Ninth Section of the First Article; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. ARTICLE VI. 1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption of this Con stitution shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as under the Confederation. 2. This Constitution and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land, and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. sentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. ARTICLE VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and dis 3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a quali-mitted, which district shall have been previously fication to any office or public trust under the United States. ARTICLE VII. The ratification of the Conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. Amendments to the Constitution. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of griev ances. ARTICLE II. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. ARTICLE III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be prescribed by law. ARTICLE IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place. to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. ARTICLE V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or other infamous crime unless on a pre trict wherein the crime shall have been com ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male members of such State, being of twentyone years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. person voted for as President, and in distinct | thereof, are citizens of the United States and ballots the person voted for as Vice-President; of the State wherein they reside. No State and they shall make distinct lists of all persons shall make or enforce any law which shall voted for as President, and of all persons abridge the privileges or immunities of citivoted for as Vice-President, and of the num- zens of the United States; nor shall any State ber of votes for each, which list they shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the without due process of law, nor deny to any seat of the Government of the United States, di- person within its jurisdiction the equal protecrected to the President of the Senate; the tion of the laws. President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representa- 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representives shall not choose a President, whenever tative in Congress, or elector of President and the right of choice shall devolve upon them, Vice-President, or holding any office, civil or before the fourth day of March next following, military, under the United States, or under then the Vice-President shall act as President, any State, who, having previously taken an as in the case of the death or other constitutional oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer disability of the President. The person hav- of the United States, or as a member of any ing the greatest number of votes as Vice-State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial President shall be the Vice-President, if such officer of any State, to support the Constitunumber be a majority of the whole number of tion of the United States, shall have engaged electors appointed, and if no person have a in insurrection or rebellion against the same, majority, then from the two highest numbers or given aid and comfort to the enemies thereon the list the Senate shall choose the Vice- of. But Congress may, by a vote of two President; a quorum for the purpose shall thirds of each House, remove such disability. consist of two thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. ARTICLE XIII. 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. ARTICLE XIV. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection and rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation the provisions of this article. ARTICLE XV. 1. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on ac- composition, engraving, cut, print, or photocount of race, color, or previous condition of graph, or a description of the painting, drawservitude. ing, chromo, statue, statuary, or model or design for a work of the fine arts, for which copyright is desired, must be sent by mail or otherwise, prepaid, addressed “Librarian of Congress, Washington, D. C." This must be 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce the provision of this article by appropriate legislation. Ratification of the Constitution. article. The Constitution was ratified by the thir-done before publication of the book or other teen original States in the following order: Delaware, December 7, 1787, unanimously. Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787, vote 46 193 to 75. Rhode Island, May 29, 1790, vote 34 to 32. Ratification of the Amendments. I. to X. inclusive were declared in force December 15, 1791. XI. was declared in force January 8, 1798. XII., regulating elections, was ratified by all the States except Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire, which rejected it. It was declared in force September 28, 1804. XIII. The emancipation amendment was rat ified by 31 of the 36 States; rejected by Delaware and Kentucky, not acted on by Texas; conditionally ratified by Alabama and Mississippi. Proclaimed December 18, 1865. XIV. Reconstruction amendment was ratified by 23 Northern States; rejected by Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and 10 Southern States, and not acted on by California. The 10 Southern States subsequently ratified under pressure. Proclaimed July 28, 1886. XV. Negro citizenship amendment was not acted on by Tennessee, rejected by California, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, New Jersey, and Oregon; ratified by the remaining 30 States. New York rescinded its ratification January 5, 1870. Proclaimed March 30, 1870. COPYRIGHT LAW OF THE UNITED STATES. 1. A printed copy of the title (besides the two copies to be deposited after publication) of the book, map, chart, dramatic or musical title pages. The printed title required may be a copy of the title page of such publications as have In other cases, the title must be printed expressly for copyright entry, with name of claimant of copyright. The style of type is immaterial, and the print of a typewriter will be accepted. But a separate title is required for each entry, and each title must be printed on paper as large as commercial note. The title of a periodical must include the date and number. 2. The legal fee for recording each copyright claim is 50 cents, and for a copy of this record (or certificate of copyright) an additional fee of 50 cents is required. The record fee from aliens and non-residents is $1. 3. On or before the day of publication of each book or other article, two complete copies of the best edition issued must be sent, to perfect the copyright, with the address “ Librarian of Congress, Washington, D. C." The postage must be prepaid, or else the publication inclosed in parcels covered by printed Penalty Labels, furnished by the Librarian. In the case of a book, photograph, chromo or lithograph, the two copies deposited shall be printed from type set in the United States, or from plates made therefrom, or from negatives or drawings on stone made in the United States, or from transfers made therefrom. 4. No copyright is valid unless notice is given by inserting in every copy published, on the title page or the page following it, if it be a book; or, if a map, chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected as a work of the fine arts, by inscribing upon some portion thereof, or on the substance on which the same is mounted, the following words, viz. : "Entered according to act of Congress, in the year- byin the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, the option of the person entering the copyright, the words: "Copyright, 18—, by———.” or, at The law imposes a penalty of $100 upon any person who has not obtained copyright who shall insert the notice "Entered according to act of Congress," or "Copyright," etc., or words of the same import, in or upon any book or other article. 5. Any author may reserve the right to translate or dramatize his own work. In this case, notice should be given by printing the words "Right of translation reserved,” or “ All rights reserved," below the notice of copyright entry, and notifying the Librarian of Congress of such reservation, to be entered upon the record. fected as a work of the fine arts, so as to prevent infringement by copying, engraving, or vending such design, a definite description must accompany the application for copyright, and a photograph of the same, at least as large as "cabinet size," should be mailed to the Librarian of Congress not later than the day of publication of the work or design. 12. Copyrights cannot be granted upon trade-marks, nor upon mere names of com Since the phrase all rights reserved refers exclusively to the author's right to dramatize or to translate, it has no bearing upon any pub-panies or articles, nor upon prints or labels inlications except original works, and will not be entered upon the record in other cases. 6. The original term of copyright runs for twenty-eight years. Within six months before the end of that time, the author or designer, or his widow or children, may secure a renewal for the further term of fourteen years, making forty-two years in all. Applications for renewal must be accompanied by explicit statement of ownership, in the case of the author, or of relationship, in the case of his heirs, and must state definitely the date and place of entry of the original copyright. Advertisement of renewal is to be made within two months of date of renewal certificate, in some newspaper, for four weeks. 7. The time within which any work entered for copyright may be issued from the press is not limited by law, but the courts hold that it should take place within a reasonable time. A copyright may be secured for a projected as well as for a finished work. The law provides for no caveat, or notice of interference-only for actual entry of title. 8. A copyright is assignable in law by any instrument of writing, but such assignment must be recorded in the office of the Librarian of Congress within sixty days from its date. The fee for this record and certificate is one dollar, and for a certified copy of any record of assignment one dollar. tended to be used with any article of manufacture. If protection for such names or labels is desired, application must be made to the Patent office, where they are registered at a fee of $6 for labels and $25 for trade-marks. 13. These provisions apply to citizens of the United States, British Empire, France, Belgium, Switzerland. 14. Every applicant for a copyright should state distinctly the full name and residence of the claimant, and whether the right is claimed as author, designer, or proprietor. No affidavit or formal application is required. PATENT OFFICE PROCEDURE. Patents are issued in the name of the United States, and under seal of the Patent Office, to any person who has invented or discovered any new and useful art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter or any new and useful improvement thereof, not known or used by others in this country before his invention or discovery thereof and not patented or described in any printed publication in this or any foreign country, before his invention or discovery thereof or more than two years prior to his application, and not in public use or on sale in the United States for more than two years prior to his application, unless the same is proved to have been abandoned; and by any person who, by his own industry, genius, efforts, and expense, has invented and produced any new and original design for a manufacture, bust, statue, alto-relievo, or bas-re10. In the case of books published in more lief; any new and original design for the than one volume, or of periodicals published printing of woolen, silk, cotton, or other in numbers, or of engravings, photographs, or fabrics; any new and original impression, other articles published with variations, a ornament, pattern, print, or picture to be copyright is to be entered for each volume or printed, painted, cast, or otherwise placed on part of a book, or number of a periodical, or or worked into any article of manufacture; or variety, as to style, title, or inscription, of any new, useful, and original shape or configany other article. But a book published seri-uration of any article of manufacture, the same ally in a periodical, under the same general not having been known nor used by others title, requires only one entry. To complete the copyright on such a work, two copies of each serial part, as well as of the complete work (if published separately), must be deposited. 9. A copy of the record (or duplicate certificate) of any copyright entry will be furnished, under seal, at the rate of fifty cents each. 11. To secure a copyright for a painting, statue, or model or design intended to be per before his invention or production thereof, nor patented nor described in any printed publication, upon payment of the fees required by law and other due proceedings had. Every patent contains a grant to the patentee, his heirs or assigns, for the term of seven |