teen years, of the exclusive right to make, use, and vend the invention or discovery throughout the United States and the Territories, referring to the specification for the particulars thereof. If it appear that the inventor, at the time of making his application, believed himself to be the first inventor or discoverer, a patent will not be refused on account of the invention or discovery, or any part thereof, having been known or used in any foreign country before his invention or discovery thereof, if it had not been before patented or described in any printed publication. Joint inventors are entitled to a joint patent; neither can claim one separately. Independent inventors of distinct and independent improvements in the same machine cannot obtain a joint patent for their separate inventions; nor does the fact that one furnishes the capital and another makes the invention entitle them to make application as joint inventors; but in such case they may become joint patentees.. No person otherwise entitled thereto will be debarred from receiving a patent for his invention or discovery, by reason of its having been first patented or caused to be patented by the inventor or his legal representatives or assigns in a foreign country, unless the application for said foreign patent was filed more than seven months prior to the filing of the application in this country, in which case no patent shall be granted in this country. Applications.- Applications for a patent must be made in writing to the Commissioner of Patents. The applicant must also file in the Patent Office a written description of the same, and of the manner and process of making, constructing, compounding, and using it, in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art or science to which it appertains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to make, construct, compound, and use the same; and in case of a machine, he must explain the principle thereof, and the best mode in which he has contemplated applying that principle, so as to distinguish it from other inventions, and particularly point out and distinctly claim the part, improvement, or combination which he claims as his invention or discovery. The specification and claim must be signed by the inventor and attested by two witnesses. Office, shall furnish a model of convenient size to exhibit advantageously the several parts of his invention or discovery. The applicant shall make oath that he verily believes himself to be the original and first inventor or discoverer of the art, machine, manufacture, composition, or improvement for which he solicits a patent; that he does not know and does not believe that the same was ever before known or used, and shall state of what country he is a citizen and where he resides. In every original application the applicant must distinctly state under oath that the invention has not been patented to himself or to others with his knowledge or consent in this or any foreign country for more than two years prior to his application, or on an application for a patent filed in any foreign country by himself or his legal representatives or assigns more than seven months prior to his application. If any application for patent has been filed in any foreign country by the applicant in this country or by his legal representatives or assigns, prior to his application in this country, he shall state the country or countries in which such application has been filed, giving the date of such application, and shall also state that no application has been filed in any other country or countries than those mentioned; that to the best of his knowledge and belief the invention has not been in public use or on sale in the United States nor described in any printed publication or patent in this or any foreign country for more than two years prior to his application in this country. Such oath may be made before any person within the United States authorized by law to administer oaths, or, when the applicant resides in a foreign country, before any minister, chargé d'affaires, consul, or commercial agent holding commission under the Government of the United States, or before any notary public of the foreign country in which the applicant may be, provided such notary is authorized by the laws of his country to administer oaths. On the filing of such application and the payment of the fees required by law, if, on examination, it appears that the applicant is justly entitled to a patent under the law, and that the same is sufficiently useful and important, the Commissioner will issue a patent therefor. Every patent, or any interest therein, shall be assignable in law by an instrument in writing; and the patentee or his assigns or legal representatives may, in like manner, grant and convey an exclusive right under his patent to the whole or any specified part of the United States. When the nature of the case admits of drawings, the applicant must furnish a drawing of the required size, signed by the inventor or his attorney in fact, and attested by two witnesses. In all cases which admit of representation by Reissues. A reissue is granted to the model, the applicant, if required by the Patent | original patentee, his legal representatives, or the assignees of the entire interest, when, by reason of a defective or insufficient specification, or by reason of the patentee claiming as his invention or discovery more than he had a right to claim as new, the original patent is inoperative or invalid, provided the error has arisen from inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and without any fraudulent or deceptive intention. Reissue applications must be made and the specifications sworn to by the inventors, if they be living. one thousand words, $2; of over one thousand words $3. For copies of drawings, the reasonable cost of making them. The Patent Office is prepared to furnish positive blue-print photographic copies of any drawing, foreign or domestic, in the possession of the office, in sizes and at rates as follows: Large size, 10x15 inches, twenty-five cents; medium size, 7x11 inches, fifteen cents; small size, 5x8 inches, five cents. An order for small sized copies can be filled only when it relates to the drawings of an application for patent. The total number of applications filed at the Patent Office in sixty-one years, 1837-97, was 1,040,035; number of caveats filed, 107,415; Caveats. A caveat, under the patent law, is a notice given to the office, of the caveator's claim as inventor, in order to prevent the grant of a patent to another for the same alleged invention upon an application filed dur-number of original patents, including designs ing the life of a caveat without notice to the caveator. issued, 601,268. Receipts to December 31, 1896, $34,309,331.06; expenditures, $29,293,672.32; net surplus, $5,015,658.74. The largest number of patents granted for an article prior to January, 1895, has been for carriages and wagons, 20,000, and for stoves and furnaces, 18,000. The next largest has been for harvesters, 10,000; lamps and gas fittings, 10,000; boots and shoes, 10,000, and packing and storing vessels, 10,000 approximately. Any citizen of the United States who has made a new invention or discovery, and desires further time to mature the same, may, on a payment of a fee of ten dollars, file in the Patent Office a caveat setting forth the object and the distinguishing characteristics of the invention, and praying protection of his right until he shall have matured his invention. Such caveat shall be filed in the confidential archives of the office and preserved in secrecy, NATURALIZATION LAWS. and shall be operative for the term of one year The conditions under and the manner in from the filing thereof. The caveat may be which an alien may be admitted to become a renewed, on request in writing, by the pay-citizen of the United States are prescribed by ment of a second fee of ten dollars, and it will Sections 2, 165-74 of the Revised Statutes of continue in force for one year from the pay- the United States. ment of such second fee. The caveat must comprise a specification, oath, and, when the nature of the case admits of it, a drawing, and, like the application, must be limited to a single invention or improvement. Declaration of Intentions.-The alien must declare upon oath before a circuit or district court of the United States or a district or supreme court of the Territories, or a court of record of any of the States having common law jurisdiction and a seal and clerk, two Fees.-Fees must be paid in advance, and years at least prior to his admission, that it is, are as follows: On filing each original appli- bona fide, his intention to become a citizen of cation for a patent, $15. On issuing each the United States, and to renounce forever original patent, $20. In design cases: For all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince three years and six months, $10; for seven or State, and particularly to the one of which years, $15; for fourteen years, $30. On filing he may be at the time a citizen or subject. each caveat, $10. On every application for the reissue of a patent, $30. On filing each disclaimer, $10. For certified copies of patents and other papers in manuscript, ten cents per hundred words; for certified copies of printed patents, eighty cents. For uncertified printed copies of specifications and drawings of patents, for single copies, or any number of unclassified copies, five cents each; for copies by subclasses, three cents each; by classes, two cents each, and for the entire set of patents issued, in one order, one cent each. For recording every assignment, agreement, power of attorney, or other paper, of three hundred words or under, $1; of over three hundred and under re Oath on Application for Admission.--He must at the time of his application to be admitted declare on oath, before some one of the courts above specified, that he will support the Constitution of the United States, and that he absolutely and entirely nounces and abjures all allegiance and fidelity to every foreign prince, potentate, State, or sovereignty, and particularly by name, to the prince, potentate, State, or sovereignty of which he was before a citizen or subject," which proceedings must be recorded by the clerk of the court. Conditions for Citizenship.—If it shall appear to the satisfaction of the court to which countries are entitled to and shall receive from this Government the same protection of persons and property which is accorded to nativeborn citizens." the alien has applied that he has made a declaration to become a citizen two years before applying for final papers, and has resided continuously within the United States for at least five years, and within the State or The Right of Suffrage.-The right to vote Territory where such court is at the time held comes from the State, and is a State gift. one year at least; and that during that time Naturalization is a Federal right and is a gift he has behaved as a man of good moral of the Union, not of any one State. In nearly character, attached to the principles of the one-half of the Union aliens (who have deConstitution of the United States, and well clared intentions) vote and have the right to disposed to the good order and happiness of vote equally with naturalized or native-born the same," he will be admitted to citizenship. citizens. In the other half only actual citizens Titles of Nobility. If the applicant has may vote. (See Table of Qualifications for borne any hereditary title or order of nobility Voting in each State, on another page.) The he must make an express renunciation of the Federal naturalization laws apply to the whole same at the time of his application. Union alike, and provide that no alien may be Soldiers. Any alien at the age of twenty-naturalized until after five years' residence. one years and upward who has been in the armies of the United States, and has been honorably discharged therefrom, may become a citizen on his petition, without any previous declaration of intention, provided that he has resided in the United States at least one year previous to his application, and is of good moral character. (It is judicially decided that residence of one year in a particular State is not requisite.) Minors. Any alien under the age of twenty-one years who has resided in the United States three years next preceding his arriving at that age, and who has continued to reside therein to the time he may make application to be admitted a citizen thereof, may, after he arrives at the age of twenty-one years, and after he has resided five years within the United States, including the three years of his minority, be admitted a citizen; but he must make a declaration on oath and prove to the satisfaction of the court that for two years next preceding it has been his bona fide intention to become a citizen. Children of Naturalized Citizens.-The children of persons who have been duly naturalized, being under the age of twenty-one years at the time of the naturalization of their parents, shall, if dwelling in the United States, be considered as citizens thereof. Citizens' Children Who Are Born Abroad.The children of persons who now are or have been citizens of the United States, are, though born out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States, considered as citizens thereof. Even after five years' residence and due naturalization he is not entitled to vote unless the laws of the State confer the privilege upon him, and he may vote in several States six months after landing, if he has declared his intention, under the United States law, to become a citizen. PASSPORT REGULATIONS. RULES governing the granting and issuing of passports in the United States: BY WHOM ISSUED.-No one but the Secretary of State may grant and issue passports in the United States.-Revised Statutes, secs. 4075, 4078. A citizen of the United States desiring to procure a passport while he is temporarily abroad should apply to the diplomatic representative of the United States in the country where he happens to be; or, in the absence of a diplomatic representative, to the consul general of the United States; or, in the absence of both, to the consul of the United States. The necessary statement may be made before the nearest consular officer of the United States. TO CITIZENS ONLY.-The law forbids the granting of a passport to any person who is not a citizen of the United States.-Revised Statutes, sec. 4076. A person who has only made the declaration of intention to become a citizen of the United States cannot receive a passport. APPLICATIONS. -A citizen of the United States in this country in order to procure a passport must make a written application, in the form of an affidavit, to the Secretary of State. The affidavit must be attested by an officer authorized to administer oaths, and if he has an official seal it must be affixed. If he has no seal, his official character must be authenticated by certificate of the proper legal officer. If the applicant signs by mark, two attesting | tion, and residence, as required in the rule witnesses to his signature are required. governing the application of a naturalized citizen. The applicant is required to state the date and place of his birth, his occupation, and the place of his permanent residence, and to declare that he goes abroad for temporary sojourn and intends to return to the United States with the purpose of residing and performing the duties of citizenship therein. The applicant must take the oath of allegiance to the Government of the United States. The application must be accompanied by a description of the person applying, and should state the following particulars, viz.: Age, years; stature, feet inches (English measure); forehead, ; eyes, -; nose, ; mouth,; chin, -; hair, ; complexion, ; face, The application must be accompanied by a čertificate from at least one credible witness that the applicant is the person he represents himself to be, and that the facts stated in the affidavit are true to the best of the witness's knowledge and belief. NATIVE CITIZENS.-An application containing the information indicated by rule 3 will be sufficient evidence in the case of native citizens. A PERSON BORN ABROAD WHOSE FATHER WAS A NATIVE of the United STATES.-In addition to the statements required by rule 3, his application must show that his father was born in the United States, has resided therein, and was a citizen at the time of the applicant's birth. The Department may require that this affidavit be supported by that of one other citizen acquainted with the facts. NATURALIZED CITIZENS.-In addition to the statements required by rule 3, a naturalized citizen must transmit his certificate of naturalization, or a duly certified copy of the court record thereof, with his application. It will be returned to him after inspection. He must state in his affidavit when and from what port he emigrated to this country, what ship he sailed in, where he has lived since his arrival in the United States, when and before what court he was naturalized, and that he is the identical person described in the certificate of naturalization. The signature to the application should conform in orthography to the applicant's name as written in the naturalization paper, which the Department follows. THE CHILD OF A NATURALIZED CITIZEN CLAIMING CITIZENSHIP THROUGH the NatURALIZATION OF THE FATHER. In addition to the statements required by rule 3, the applicant must state that he or she is the son or daughter, as the case may be, of the person described in the naturalization certificate, which must be submitted for inspection, and must set forth the facts of his emigration, naturalization, and residence, as required in the rule governing the application of a naturalized citizen. EXPIRATION OF PASSPORT. A passport expires two years from the date of its issuance. A new one will be issued upon a new application, and if the applicant be a naturalized citizen, the old passport will be accepted in lieu of a naturalized certificate, if the application upon which it was issued is found to contain sufficient information as to the emigration, residence, and naturalization of the applicant. WIFE, CHILDREN, AND SERVANTS. When an applicant is accompanied by his wife, minor children, or servant, being an American citizen, it will be sufficient to state the fact, giving the respective ages of the children and the citizenship of the servant, when one passport will suffice for all. For any other person in the party a separate passport will be required. A woman's passport may include her minor children and servant under the above-named conditions. PROFESSIONAL TITLES. They will not be inserted in passports. FEE. By act of Congress approved March 23, 1888, a fee of one dollar is required to be collected for every citizen's passport. That amount in currency or postal money order should accompany each application. Orders should be payable to the Disbursing Clerk of the Department of State. Drafts or checks will not be received. They BLANK FORMS OF APPLICATION. will be furnished by the Department to persons who desire to apply for passports, upon their stating whether they are native or naturalized citizens or claim through the naturalization of husband or father. Forms are not furnished, except as samples, to those who make a business of procuring passports. ADDRESS. Communications should be addressed to the Department of State, Passport Division, and each communication should give the post office address of the person to whom the answer is to be directed. REJECTION OF APPLICATION. THE WIFE OR WIDOW OF A NATURALIZED CITIZEN. In addition to the statements required by rule 3, she must transmit for inspection her husband's naturalization certificate, must state that she is the wife or widow of the person described therein, and must set forth the facts of his emigration, naturaliza-tary of State may refuse to issue a passport to -The Secre anyone who, he has reason to believe, desires | Offices in the District of Columbia, the Rail it for an unlawful or improper purpose, or who is unable or unwilling to comply with the rules. way Mail Service, the Indian Service, the Pension Agencies, the Steamboat Inspection Service, the Marine Hospital Service, the Light-House Service, the Life-Saving Service, UNITED STATES CIVIL SERVICE. the Revenue Cutter Service, the Mints and The purpose of the Civil Service act, as de- Assay offices, the Sub-Treasuries, the Engiclared in its title, is to regulate and improve neer Department at large, the Ordnance Dethe Civil Service of the United States." It partment at large, the Land Office Service, and provides for the appointment of three Com- the force employed under Custodians of Pubmissioners, a chief Examiner, a Secretary, and lic Buildings, and in the U. S. Penitentiary at other employees, and makes it the duty of the Leavenworth, Kan. In addition to these are Commissioners to aid the President as he may included all other employees (except laborers request in preparing suitable rules for carrying and persons whose appointments are subject to the act into effect; to make regulations to the consent of the Senate) whose duties are govern all examinations held under the pro- clerical or medical, or who serve as watchmen, visions of the act, and to make investigations messengers, draughtsmen, engineers, firemen, and report upon all matters touching the en- computers, or as superintendents of construcforcement and effect of the rules and regula- tion, superintendents of repairs, or foremen tions. The address of the Commission is under the Supervising Architect of the TreasWashington, D. C. ury, or who are in any branch of the Treasury Department not enumerated above. The Customs Service includes all officers and employees between the extremes before mentioned who are serving in any customs district. The Postal Service includes all similar officers and employees at free delivery post offices. The Government Printing Service and the Internal Revenue Service cover all like positions in the branches indicated by their designations. Extent of the Service. The number of persons regularly employed in the Executive Civil Service of the United States is about 179,000, of whom 80,334 are classified subject to competitive examination or registration under the Civil Service act and rules. The total number of persons in the classified Civil Service (by which is meant all that part of the Executive Civil Service embraced within the provisions of the Civil Service act and rules) Applications.-Persons seeking to be exis 83,817. Of this number 78,728 are classi- amined must file an application blank. The fied by reason of designation, duties performed, blank for the Departmental Service at Washor compensation, and of these 3,483 are re-ington, Railway Mail Service, the Indian quired merely to pass a non-competitive examination or are excepted from examination (2,240 of the latter class being Indians); 5,063 are classified under regulations of the Navy Department, approved by the Commission and sanctioned by the President, and 26 are classified whose appointments are made by the President solely. The classified Civil Service does not include persons whose appointments are subject to confirmation by the Senate, or mere laborers or workmen. Divisions of the Service. The rules require that all that part of the Executive Civil Service of the United States which has been or may hereafter be classified under the Civil Service act shall be arranged in branches as follows: The Departmental Service, the Customs Service, the Postal Service, the Government Printing Service, and the Internal Revenue Service. The Departmental Service includes all officers and employees who on the one hand are not appointed subject to the consent of the Senate, and on the other hand are above the grade of laborer, and who are serving in or on detail from the Departments, Commissions, and School Service, and the Government Printing Service should be requested directly of the Civil Service Commission at Washington. The blank for the Customs, Postal, or Internal Revenue Service must be requested in writing of the Civil Service Board of Examiners at the office where service is sought. These papers should be returned to the officers from whom they emanated. Applicants for examination must be citizens of the United States, and of the proper age. No person using intoxicating liquors to excess may be appointed. No discrimination is made on account of sex, color, or political or religious opinions. The limitations of age vary with the different services, but do not apply to any person honorably discharged from the military or naval service of the United States by reason of disability resulting from wounds or sickness incurred in the line of duty. Examinations.-The applicants to enter the services designated are examined as to their relative capacity and fitness. For ordinary clerical places in the Departmental, Customs, and Internal Revenue Services the examination is confined to orthography, penman |