Organized. RELIGION, EDUCATION, AND FINE ARTS. Universities and Colleges of the United States-Continued. 1845 Southw'n Bap. Un.t... Jackson, Tenn..... Baptist. G. M. Savage, A.M., LL.D.. 1875 Southw'n Pres. Univ.. Clarksville, Tenn.. Presbyterian George Summey, D.D... 1872 Southwestern Univ.t. Georgetown, Tex.. Meth. Ep. S.. Jno.R.Allen, D.D. (Chm.Fac) 1885 Southwest Kansas C. Winfield, Kan..... Meth. Epis.. Chester A. Place, A.M., B.D. 1830 Spring Hill College... Spring Hill, Ala... R. Catholic.. Very Rev. M.Moynihan, S.J. Rev. Chas. L. Purce, D.D.... 1847 State Univ. Iowat..... Iowa City, Iowa... Non-Sect.... C. A. Schaeffer, Ph.D.,LL.D. 101 1,331 25,000 R. Catholic.. Rt. Rev. I. Wolf, D.D.. 1879 State Univ. of Kyts... Louisville, Ky..... Baptist. 1858 St. Benedict's College. Atchison, Kan. R. Catholic.. P. P. Klein, C.S.C. 1848 St. Charles College.... Ellicott City, Md.. R. Catholic.. Rev.C.B.Schrantz, S.S.,A.M. 1888 St. Edward's College.. Austin, Tex..... 1847 St. Francis Xavier C.. Manh'n Boro, N.Y. R. Catholic.. Rev. T. E. Murphy, S.J.... 1871 Stevens Inst. of Tech.. Hoboken, N. J Henry Morton, Ph.D., LL.D. Universalist. John C. Lee, Ph.D., S.T.D.. ... Meth. Epis.. Rev. J. R. Day, S.T.D.,LL.D. Moscow, Idaho.... Non-Sect. Non-Sect Urbana, Ill. (r)... Iowa City, Iowa... Non-Sect Lawrence, Kan.... Non-Sect Non-Sect Orono, Me. Ann Arbor, Mich.. Non-Sect 1869 Univ. of Minnesotat.. Minneapolis, Minn Non-Sect 1848 Univ. of Mississippit.. University, Miss... Non-Sect Columbia, Mo.(u).. Non-Sect 1840 Univ. of Missourit. Missoula, Mont.... Non-Sect 1895 Univ. of Montanat.... Non-Sect. 1785 Univ. of Nashvillet... Nashville, Tenn... Non-Sect 1869 Univ. of Nebraskat. 1889 Univ. of N. Mexicot.. Albuquerque, N.M. Non-Sect 1795 Univ. of N. Carolina(v) Chapel Hill, N. C.. Non-Sect. 1884 Univ. of N. Dakotat.. Grand Forks, N.D. Non-Sect Non-Sect 1842 Univ. of Notre Dame.. Notre Dame, Ind.. R. Catholic.. 1892 Univ. of Oklahomat... Norman, Okla..... C. H. Chapman, Ph.D.. 1880 Univ. of Omahat...... Omaha, Neb. (1).... Presbyterian David R. Kerr, D.D., Ph.D. Eugene, Ore... 774,169 1877 Univ. of Oregont.. 216 34,500 1852 Univ. of the Pacifict.. College Park, Cal.. Meth. Epis.. Eli McClish, A.M., D.D.. Rev. Rush Rhus, D.D.. 1740 Univ. of Pennsyl'niat. Philadelphia, Pa... Non-Sect.... Charles C. Harrison, LL.D.. 258 2,834 140,000 2,179,065 Rochester, N. Y.... Baptist.. 1850 Univ. of Rochester. James E. Todd, M.A. B. L. Wiggins, M.A., Vice-C. C. W. Dabney, Ph.D., LL.D. Geo. T. Winston, LL.D.. 54 400 4,000 150,000 160,000 598 15,500 425,000 800 35,000 626,716 Universities and Colleges of the United States-Continued. 1850 Univ. of Urbana... 1850 Univ. of Utah†.. 1800 Univ. of Vermontt Urbana, O. 1862 Univ. of Washingtont. Seattle, Wash.. 1842 Villanova College. 1806 Vincennes Univ.t. 1839 Virginia Mil. Inst.. ... 6 120 15,000 22 363,223 412,300 23 239 8,000 None. 225,000 225,000 120 1,767 54,000 53 47,000 Non-Sect. F. P. Graves, Ph.D., LL.D.. 1872 Virginia Poly. Inst... Blacksburg, Va.... Non-Sect. 1832 Wabash College.... ... Crawf'rdsville, Ind Non-Sect. 1833 Wake Forest College.. Wake Forest, N. C. Baptist... 1865 Washburn Colleget... Topeka, Kan.. Congregat'l.. George M. Herrick, A.M. 1802 Wash.& Jefferson Col. Washington, Pa... Non-Sect. (i). Rev. Jas. D. Moffat, D.D.. 1749 Wash. & Lee Univ.... Lexington, Va..... Non-Sect.... William L. Wilson, LL.D. 1783 Washington Colleget. Chestertown, Md.. Non-Sect. C. W. Reid, Ph.D... 1795 Washington Colleget. Wash'n Col., Tenn. Non-Sect.(i). Rev. Jas. T. Cooter, M.A... 1853 Washington Univ.t... St. Louis, Mo.. Non-Sect Winfield S. Chaplin, LL.D.. 170 1,669 5,000 675,000 1875 Wellesley Colleget.. Wellesley, Mass... Non-Sect Caroline Hazard, MA.Litt.D 1868 Wells Colleget. Aurora, N. Y.. Non-Sect.. W. E. Waters, B.A., Ph.D... 1831 Wesleyan Univ.t.. Middletown, Ct... Meth. Epis.. B. P. Raymond, D.D., LL.D. 1856 Western Colleget. Toledo, Iowa. U. Brethren. L. Bookwalter, A.M., D.D... 1867 West. Maryland Col.t. Westminster, Md.. Meth. Prot.. Rev. T. H. Lewis, D.D., A.M. 1787 West. Un. of Penn.t.. Pittsburg, Pa.(m).. Non-Sect.... W. J. Holland, Ph.D., D.D.. 1886 West. Reserve Univ.(o) Cleveland, O.... Non-Sect Charles F. Thwing, D.D.... 1865 Westfield Colleget.. Westfield, Ill.. U. Brethren. William S. Reese, Ph.M.. 1853 Westminster Col. Fulton, Mo.. Presbyterian J. J. Rice (Acting Pres.).... 1852 Westminster Col.†. N.Wilmington, Pa. Unit. Presb.. Rev. R. G. Ferguson, D.D... 1867 W. Virginia Univ.t... Morgant'n, W. Va. Non-Sect... Jerome H. Raymond, Ph.D. 48 1860, Wheaton Colleget.. Wheaton, Ill... Congregat'l. Charles A. Blanchard, D.D. 1859 Whitman College.. Walla Walla, Wn.. Congregat'l. Rev. S. B. L. Penrose, A.B.. 1856 Wilberforce Univ.t§.,. Wilberforce, O.. Meth. Epis.. S. T. Mitchell, A.M., LL.D.. 1873 Wiley Universityt§..... Marshall, Tex. Meth. Epis.. Rev. M. W. Dogan, A.M... 1844 Willamette Univ.f..... Salem, Ore... Meth. Epis.. Willis C. Hawley, A.M.. John P. Greene, D.D., LL.D. 1693 William & Mary Col... Williamsburg, Va. Non-Sect. Lyon G. Tyler, M.A., LL.D. *All departments. + Co-education of the sexes. + Education of women only. For the education of colored students. Teachers' College is now part of Columbia University. ‡‡ Medical Department at Mobile, Ala. (b) Not yet organized for instruction. solely for post-graduate work. (c) No restriction as to color. Is intended (d) Barnard College (for women), annex of Columbia University, with use of library. (e) Ladies preparing for foreign missions are admitted to class-room work. (f) Confined strictly to post-graduate work. The national university of the church. (g) Academic and Technical Departments at Fayetteville; Law and Medical Departments at Little Rock; Normal School (for negroes), Pine Bluff, Ark. (i) Presbyterian in sympathy. (5) For Indians and colored youth, both sexes. (k) Professors take Chairmanship in turn. (1) Branch at Bellevue, Neb., also. (m) Located in Pittsburg and Allegheny. (8) Academic and Law departments at Austin; Medical at Galveston; Agricultural and Mechanical Branch at College Station, Tex. (t) Randolph-Macon College for women at Lynchburg, Va. (u) School of Mines at Rolla, Mo. (v) Co-education in graduate courses only. (w) Co-education in law, pedagogy, and graduate school. The University proper is at University Heights, Bronx Borough, New York; the University Law School is at Washington Square, Manhattan Borough, New York. (x) College of Liberal Arts at St. Paul, Minn.; College of Physicians and Surgeons at Minneapolis, Minn. (y) Medical Department located in Louisville. Statistics are exclusive of medical students and those in (n) Separate department for women in the H. Sophie commercial college. Newcomb Memorial College. (z) Statistics are for Academic Department only. RELIGION, EDUCATION, FINE ARTS. Foreign Universities. Humanities are those branches of education or study which are included in what are called polite or elegant learning, as languages, grammar, philosophy, and poetry, with that pertaining to what is called polite literature, The name imincluding the ancient classics. plies that the study of these branches, in opposition to the physical sciences, which especially develop the intellectual faculties, has a tendency to humanize man, to cultivate particularly those faculties which distinguish him as man in all his relations, social and moral; that is, which make him a truly cultured man. Animal Worship.- Among primitive peoples, all animals are supposed to be endowed with souls which in many cases have formerly animated human beings. Hence a likeness is often recognized between an animal and some deceased friend, and the animal is addressed as the person would have been, and honored with a kind of worship. Many tribes call themselves by the name of, and even derive their pedigree from, some animal. Its cries become the omens of the tribe; and thus In the modern world the originate the divination and augury of more civilized nations. most civilized people among whom animalworship vigorously survives lie within the range of Brahmanism. Here the sacred cow is not merely to be spared; she is as a deity worshiped and bowed to daily by the pious Hindoo. Siva is incarnate in Hanuman, the monkey god. The divine king of birds, Garuda, is Vishnu's vehicle, and the forms of fish and boar and tortoise assumed in the avatar legends of Vishnu. Perhaps no worship has prevailed more widely than that of the serpent. It had its place in Egypt and among the Hebrews; in Greece and Rome; among the Celts and Scandinavians in Europe; in Persia and India; in China and Thibet; in Mexico and Peru; in Africa, where it still flourishes as the state religion in Dahomey; in Java and Ceylon; among the Fijians and elsewhere in Oceanica; and even within the limits of Christianity we find the sect of the Ophites, who continued or renewed snake-worship, blended curiously with purer rites. from the north side. This passage had a lesser chamber in its course, and was blocked once or oftener with a massive stone portcullis. The interior was probably in every case accessible to the priests for the purpose of making offerings, the passageway being closed by a stone door turning on a horizontal pivot, the location of which was known to them. The chambers were always roofed by great sloping cantalevers of stone projecting from the north and south sides, on which they rested without pressing on each other along the central ridge, so that there was no thrust, nor indeed any force to disturb the buildings; and now, after a lapse of four thousand years, in spite of the brutal treatment of enemies and the greed of later builders (who have removed almost all of the casing stones), they still stand as colossal monuments of the work of man. Owing to the loss of the casing stones, their present appearance presents a series of huge, rough steps, and their height has been considerably diminPyramids. The weight of authority ished by the encroachment of the sand of the among modern Egyptologists inclines to the desert around their bases. Many archæoloview that the Pyramids were a new and bold gists believe these vast piles, especially the architectural type, invented in its entirety be- great Pyramid of Cheops at Gizeh, to have tween the fifth and twelfth dynasties, in Mid- been constructed under divine inspiration, and dle Egypt, and not the development from to embody in the living rock great astronomearlier forms of tomb-mounds. "Pyramid,' "ical facts and mathematical principles, and in its strict geometrical sense, denotes a build- memorials of a system of weights and measing having a polygonal base, and plain triangu-ures for universal use. It is also maintained lar sides which meet in an apex. There are that Masonic emblems and symbols have been various forms of ancient tomb-mounds of earth and stone and stepped structures, as the mastaba in Egypt, and early temples and mausolea in Mexico and Assyria, and there are also some inferior imitations of later date; but the true pyramidal construction is seen only in Egypt, and comprises about seventy structures on the banks of the Nile, none of which are later than the twelfth dynasty (about 2000 B. C.). They are all built upon a square base, with the four sides facing the four cardinal points of the compass, and in the earlier forms are composed of horizontal layers of rough-hewn blocks with a small amount of mortar degenerating in the buildings of the sixth and succeeding dynasties to a cellular system of retaining walls filled with loose chips, and finally, in the twelfth dynasty, to a mass of mud bricks. But there was, in all cases, on the outside, a casing of fine stone, beautifully polished and jointed, the inner chambers having a similar finish. These casing stones were not a mere veneer or film, but were massive blocks, usually greater in thickness than in height. Inside of each pyramid, always low down, and usually beneath the level of the ground, was built a sepulchral chamber, and this was reached by a downward passage found within them. Whatever the builders construction is thought to have employed | It was read and interpreted in the synagogues 100,000 men for thirty years or more-prob- for some centuries after Christ, until the inably half a century. The masonry consisted creasing knowledge of the original, fostered by originally of 89,028,000 cubic feet, and still the many academies and schools, and the amounts to 82,111,000. The height is at frequent disputations with the early Christians, present 450 feet (originally 479), and the brought other and more faithful and literal length of the sides 746 feet (originally 764). translations. The King's Chamber is 19 feet 1 inch in Holy Coat, a garment which is alleged to height, and in area 34 feet 3 inches by 17 feet be the seamless coat of our Saviour, and to 1 inch; the Queen's Chamber is 20 feet 3 have been discovered in the fourth century by inches in height, and in area 17 feet by 18 the Empress Helena on her visit to Palestine. feet 9 inches. It is now generally agreed that It was deposited by her at Treves, where it is there were no inscriptions on the external sur-preserved in the cathedral of that city with the face of any of the pyramids, the casing-stones greatest reverence. The Treves relics were conbearing a smooth polish. The mechanical cealed from the Normans in the ninth century means employed by the builders have been partly ascertained. The hard stones, granite, diorite, and basalt, were, in all fine work, sawn into shape by bronze saws set with jewels (either corundum or diamonds); hollows were made (as in sarcophagi) by tubular drilling with tools like our modern diamond rock-drills, and small articles were turned in lathes fitted with mechanical tool rests and jewel pointed tools. The questions of the transport and management of such huge stones, weighing oftentimes more than thirty tons apiece, remain still to be answered. Septuagint. The most ancient Greek translation of the Old Testament that has come down to us, and the one commonly in use at the time of Christ, was the Septuagint. Its origin is shrouded in deep obscurity. There are a number of myths concerning it, but the principal one is that it was made during the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, 284-247 B. C. This king, it is stated, anxious to embody in a collection of laws of all nations, on which he was engaged, also those of the Jews, invited 72 men of learning and eminence from Palestine, who performed the task of translation in 72 days. The facts upon which this legend, now rejected as a piece of history, rests, cannot well be ascertained. It seems clear, however, that Ptolemy, aided by his librarian, Demetrius Phalereus, did cause a Greek version of the Pentateuch to be executed, probably during the time of his being co-regent of Ptolemy Lagi; but the translators were not Palestinian but Egyptian Jews. This is evidenced from the state of the text from which the translation must have been made, and from the intimate acquaintance with Egyptian manners and customs which it evinces. The Septuagint was held in the very highest repute among the Alexandrine Jews, while the Palestinians looked upon it as a dangerous innovation, and even instituted the day of its completion as a day of mourning. Gradually, however, it also found its way into Palestine. in crypts; but the Holy Coat was rediscov- Portland Vase. The celebrated Portland Vase, which is one of the most valued relics of antiquity in the British Museum, was made, it is believed, to hold the ashes of the Roman Emperor Alexander Servius, and was discovered during the sixteenth century in a rich sarcophagus on Monte del Grano, where it had been for about thirteen hundred years. It is an urn, ten inches high. The groundwork is of blue glass, enameled with white glass cut in cameo, to represent the wedding of Thetis and Peleus. It was placed in the museum by the Duke of Portland in 1810, and in 1845 was maliciously broken by a man named Lloyd. The pieces, however, were collected and cemented together, but the vase has not been on exhibition since that date. It was at one time known as the Barberina Vase, and was owned by Sir William Hamilton, who found it in the Barberina Palace, and purchased it in 1770. In time it passed into the possession of the Duchess of Portland, and was disposed of as related. Shakers is the popular name given to a religious sect who call themselves the “United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing." They were founded in England about the year 1770 by an English woman named Ann Lee, in whose person they believed that Christ has appeared a second time. Shortly before the outbreak of the Revolutionary War a small band of them, with Ann Lee at their head, emigrated to America, and penetrated far into the wilderness to Niskenna, and there founded the settlement, which still exists |