at Watervliet, N. Y. In the spring of 1780, they live in daily communion with the spirits when they had been three years and a half of the departed believers. The Shaker settleat Niskenna, a religious revival took place ments are composed of from two to eight at Albany, and spread through the surround-" families," or households. A large house, ing districts; and from Hancock and New divided through the middle by wide walls, and Lebanon a deputation was sent to Niskenna, capable of accommodating from 30 to 150 into see what light its inhabitants enjoyed mates, is erected by each family, the male as to the way of salvation. The deputation members occupying one end and the female consisted of Joseph Meacham and Lucy Wright, the other. Their meals are taken in a comsubsequently the heads of the Shaker Society. mon room, and in silence. They possess an These persons became believers in Ann Lee, average of seven acres of land to the member, and through their agency other converts and are very industrious. The settlements are were won, and a Shaker Society established at New Lebanon and Watervliet, N. Y.; Hanat New Lebanon. Toward the close of 1780, cock, Tyringham, Harvard, and Shirley, Mass.; the Revolutionary War being then in progress, Enfield, Conn.; Canterbury and Enfield, N. notoriety was given to Ann Lee through an H.; Alfred and Gloucester, Me.; Union Vilincident seemingly unfavorable. On suspi- lage, White Water, and North Union, Ohio; cion of being a British spy she was imprisoned and at Pleasant Hill and South Union, Ky., for some time at Poughkeepsie, and before she and number, in all, 2,400 members. obtained her liberty, in December, 1780, all Roman Baths, The, were among the the colonies had heard of the "female Christ," most magnificent and extensive architectural and in the following year she started on a mis-ornaments of the city in the time of the sionary tour through New England and the adjacent colonies, and made not a few converts. She died in 1784, and was succeeded in the headship of the society by Joseph Meacham and Lucy Wright. Her death was a surprise to many of her followers, who believed that she was to live with them forever. Their doctrine has been, to some extent, developed as well as systematized since the death of "Mother Ann." They believe that the Kingdom of Heaven has come; that Christ has come upon earth a second time in the form of "Mother Ann," and that the personal rule of God has been restored. Then they hold that the old law has been abolished and a new dispensation begun; that Adam's sin has been atoned; that man has been made free of all errors except his own; that the curse has been taken away from labor; that the earth and all that is on it will be redeemed. Believers, on going into union," die to the world and enter upon a new life, which is not a mere change of life but a new order of being. For them there is neither death nor marriage; what seems death is only a change of form, a transfiguration, which does not hide them from the purified eyes of the saints; and in union, as in Heaven, there is no marrying nor giving in marriage. They believe that the earth, now freed from the curse of Adam, is Heaven; they look for no resurrection besides that involved in living with them in "resurrection order." The believer, upon entering into union, leaves behind all his earthly relationships and interests, just as if he had been severed from them by death. And since to be in union is heaven, the Shakers hold that no attempt should be made by them to draw men into union. They believe that Empire. They were erected by different em- process the body was scraped with strigiles (small curved instruments usually made of bronze). Being now dried with cloths, and slightly anointed all over with perfumed oils, he resumed his dress, and then passed a short time, successively, in the tepidarium and the frigidarium, or temperate and cold rooms, which softened the transition from the great heat of the caldarium into the open air. The artificial bath has been used from the most ancient times of which we have any record. It is mentioned in Homer, the vessel for bathing being described as of polished marble and the warm baths referred to as effeminate. Public baths were common in Greece during the historic period, and they were in use at Rome from early times; but during the Republic they continued small, dark, and inconvenient, and it was not until the time of the Empire that they reached their great size and splendor. during the reign of the Czar Nicholas. Under the laws of Alexander II., all Catholics and Protestants enjoy civil rights with members of the Established Church, and are equally admissible to the highest offices of the empire. Christianity was introduced into Russia in the ninth century. Taj Mahal was built by the Shah Jihan of India as a mausoleum for the remains of his wife Nourmahal, and is situated at Agra. It is of white marble, 100 feet in diameter and 200 feet in height, built in the form of an irregular octagon, and rising from a marble terrace, under which is a second terrace of red sandstone. At the corners of the marble terrace are lofty minarets, and in the center of the main building rises a dome, flanked by cupolas of similar form. Every part, even the basement, the dome, and the upper galleries of the minarets, is inlaid with ornamental designs in marble of Russia, Religion of.- The Established different colors, principally of pale brown and Church of Russia, to which the great majority bluish violet. Here and there, also, the exteof the inhabitants belong, is identical in doc- rior and interior are decorated with mosaics of trine with, and is a branch of, the Greek precious stones. The whole Koran is said to Church. The liturgy used is the same as that be written in mosaics of precious stones on the originally used by the Church at Constantino-interior walls. In the construction of this ple, but it is read, not in Greek, but in the Sclavonic tongue. Previous to the time of Alexander II., dissent in all its forms was not only discouraged but often rigorously repressed and it has only been during very late years that general toleration has been permitted. The Roman Catholic Church has been the object of especial severity in the past, particularly magnificent building, which, as Bayard Taylor The total number of teachers and scholars in the world, according to this report, was 22,508,661. The table does not include the schools of the Roman Catholic and Non-Evangelical Protestant churches. The number of scholars in Roman Catholic Sunday schools in the United States is estimated by clerics at 800,000. RELIGIOUS STATISTICS. NUMBERS IN THE WORLD ACCORDING TO CREED. The following estimates, by M. Fournier de Flaix, are the latest that have been made by a competent authority. The distinction between followers and actual communicants should be observed. A very large number-more than 18,000,000-of Hindoos, Mohammedans, Buddhists, and others in the East also speak and read English. The estimates in the last table are from Whitaker's (London) Almanack, 1895. The Encyclopedia Britannica, last edition, makes a rough estimate of numbers of Protestants in the world speaking all civilized languages, and places the Lutherans at the head, with over 42,000,000 members (mostly in Germany and Scandinavia), and the Anglican Church second, with about 20,000,000 members. *United States census of 1890. RELIGION, EDUCATION, FINE ARTS. RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. Statistics of Churches and Communicants or Members, compiled originally from the census returns of 1890, by Dr. Henry K. Carroll, special agent, with subsequent revisions. Churches.* Value of 1890. Communi cants or Members. Church Triumphant Church of God. Life and Advent Union Churches of God in Christ Jesus All Advent Bodies. 1,147 (Schweinfurth).. 26,250 645,075 33,169 Church of the New Jerusa 1,400 647 lemt 16,790 46,075 2,872 Shakers. Amana... 15,000 1,600 1,797 $1,236,345 65,103 Harmony. 10,000 250 Separatists. 3,000 200 Baptists: New Icaria 21 Regular, North.. 817,534 Altruists... 25 Regular, South. 17,824 18,152,599 1,387,060 Adonai Shomo.. Regular, Colored. 12,462 9,082,587 Six Principles.. 18 19,500 937 1,292,394 Church Triumphant (Kore- Seventh-Day. 90 265,260 8,531 Free will 1,536 3,115,642 84,381 All Communistic Societies" 32 Original Freewill. 167 57,005 11,864 General. 420 201,140 United. 204 80,150 22,000 Congregationalists.... 5,400 Separate.. 24 Baptist Church of Christ. 152 9,200 56,755 Primitive... 3,500 1,591,551 1,599 Disciples of Christ.. $106,800 43,335,437 580,000 871,017 12,206,038 8,768 4,049 Old Two Seed in the Spirit 473 All Baptist Bodies Brethren (River): Old Order, or Yorker.. 172,230 12,851 Dunkards or German Bap- Dunkards or German Bap- 2,688 Seventh-Day Baptists, Ger. 6 14,550 194 United Zion's Children 214 8,300 $81,350 525 All Dunkard Bodies.. Brethren (Plymouth): Protestant Episcopal.. Brethren (I.). Brethren (II.). 88 1,265 Brethren (III.). 86 200 Brethren (IV.). 31 $1,465 2,419 Total Episcopalians.. Catholics: Friends (Orthodox).. Roman Catholic... Greek Catholic (Uniates).. Friends (Wilburite). 10,850 Friends (Primitive) 53 6,700 4,329 9 16,700 232 Russian Orthodox... 12 220,000 13,504 Greek Orthodox. 3 5,000 Armenian... 6 200 Total Friends.. Old Catholic. 20 500,000 Reformed Catholic. 8 250,000 Friends of the Temple.... 4 German Evang. Protestant 55 All Catholic Bodies 978 Christadelphians.. 63 $9,754,275 138,500 3,900 40,666 234,450 754 Total Latter-Day Saints.. 983 226,285 22,000 $1,051,791 223,587 Church of God (Winnebren arian)... 560 United Synod in South. 643,185 36,000 General Council... 382 1,720 1,114.065 11,119,286 35,110 302,355 United Norwegian. 1,028 (Independent Synods.) Joint Synod of Ohio, etc... German of Iowa.. 661 500 Suomai Synod.. Independent Congregations All Lutheran Bodies. Mennonites: Presb. Ch. in the U. S. of A. 71,768 Cumberland Presbyterian.: 52,903 Cumberland Pres. (Colored) 3,823 Welsh Calvinistic Meth.... 14,310 United Presbyterian........ 56,221 Pres. Ch. in the U.S.(South) 10,500 Asso. Ch. of No. America.. 7,010 Asso. Ref. Syn. of the South 5,500 Ref. Pres. in the U. S. (Syn.) 5,300 Ref. Pres.in N.A.(Gen. Syn.) 6,500 Ref. Presb. (Covenanted). 2,750 Ref. Presb. in U. S. & Can. 96 96 $681,250 12,535 7,103 74,455,200 876,520 9,283 $33,810,609 1,327,134 Reformed: 5 4,500 97 76,450 352 10,101 22 1,500 2,038 Apostolic. 1,200 209 Or organizations. †Swedenborgians. Mormons. § Seceding Mormons. (a) The Bruederhoef Mennonites also observe a communal life. They are reported in connection with other Mennonite branches. (b) Evangelical Association and United Evangelical Churches. (c) Church edifices. For January, 1897, The Independent published statistics of churches in the United States from the latest obtainable returns. The aggregate number of communicants of the principal denominations were then as follows: Roman Catholics, 8.271,309; Methodist bodies, 5,653,289; Baptist bodies, 4,153,857; Presbyterian bodies, 1,460,345, Lutheran bodies, 1,420,905; Disciples of Christ, 1,003,672; Protestant Episcopalians, 636,773; Congregationalists, 622,557; Reformed bodies, 348,471; United Brethren, 271,035; Mormons, 234,000. Scriptural Measures of Capacity. The measures of capacity referred to in the Scriptures, with their English equivalents, are as follows: The Chomer or Homer in King James's translation was 75,625 gals. liquid, and 32,125 pecks dry. The Ephah or Bath was 7 gals. 4 pts., 15 ins. sol. The Seah=1-3 of Ephah, 2 gals. 4 pts., 3 ins. sol. The Hin 1-6 of Ephah, 1 gal., 2 pts., 1 in. sol. The Omer-1-10 of Ephah, 5 pts., 0.5 in. sol. The Cab-1-18 of Ephah, 3 pts., 10 ins. sol. The Log-7 1-72 of Ephah, pt., 10 ins. sol. The Metretes of Syria (John ii, 6)= Cong. Rom. 7 pts. The Cotyla Eastern=1 |