4. A Cafe in QUANTITY is, when we inquire into the Greatnefs or Smallness of a Crime; as, Tho' 'tis plain it is a Crime, yet 'tis denied to be a great Crime. Here we Amplify or Diminish; and by confidering how the Fact was circumftanced by Time, Place, Words, and Actions, inquiring Quis? Quid? Ubi? Quibus Auxiliis? Cur? Quomodo? Quando? and comparing Things with Things, we determine what may be deem'd Great or Little.

II. INARTIFICIAL RATIONAL ARGUMENTS are fuch as arife from without, and not from the Thing itself; fuch as Testimonies, Evidence, &c.

N. B. In all our Arguments great Care must be taken that we bring in Nothing, nor let any Thing drop from us, that may prejudice the Topic we are upon. For, as Cicero well obferves, Turpius eft Oratori nocuiffe videri Caufa, quàm non profuiffe. Cic. de Orat. 2. 73.

OBS. V.

ANNOTATIONS.

Co

A

OMMON. Cic. 4. A Diffimilium ConPLACES fictione; as, Eundem læderes from whence AMPLI & laudares, & virum optiFICATIONS may be taken are reckon'd 6. viz. 1. A Definitionibus conglobatis, when a Thing is defin'd many Ways; as, Hiftoria eft Teftis Temporum, Lux Veri tatis, Vita Memoriæ, & Ma giftra Vita. 2. From Confequences heap'd together; as, Jam am omnes Provincias, jam omnia Regna, jam omnes liberas Civitates, jam omnem Orbem Terrarum præcluferis. Cic. 3. A Contrariorum Conflictione ; as, Quis ferre poffit, inertes Homines fortiffimis infidiari, fultiffimos prudentiffimis, ebriofos fobriis, dormientes vigilantibus.

mum, & hominem improbum effe diceres. Cic. 2. Phil. 5. Caufis conglobatis; as, Mezentius's Cruelty, Virg. Æn. 8. 485. Mortua quinetiam jungebat Corpora vivis, Componens manibufque manus, atque oribus ora, Tormenti genus, & fanie taboque fluentes Complexu in mifero, longâ cum morte necabat. 6. A Conglobatis Similitudinibus & Exemplis ; as, Æneas throwing his Spear, Æn. 12. 921. Murali concita nunquam Tormento fic faxa fremunt, nec fulmine tanti Diffultant crepitus; volat, atri turbinis inftar, Exitium dirum hafta ferens. C 2

SECT.

SECT. II.

of ARGUMENTS from Morals.

BY MORAL ARGUMENTS or Arguments from Morals is meant, that the Orator or Speaker fhould well confider-Of what, before whom, and for whom he fpeaks. 1. In regard to his own Morals, That he himself may appear Honeft, Prudent, Impartial, Benevolent, &c. 2. In respect to the Morals of the Judges, Audience, or Perfons he would perfuade; That the Thing perfuaded may also appear Honourable, Juft, and Serviceable, &c.

ANNOTATIONS.

OBS. VI. MORAL AR- ferre perutile erit. Cic. Orat z. GUMENTS. 43. In fhort, fays the A. B. of CAMBRAY, an Orator cannot be fit to perfuade People unless he be inflexibly upright. For which Reafon Cicero thought that Virtue is the chief and moft effential Quality of an Orator; and that he should be a Perfon of fuch unspotted Probity as to be a Pattern to his Fellow-Citizens; without which he cannot even seem to be convinc'd himself of what he fays; and confequently, he cannot perfuade others. Dia log. Eloquence, p. 40. Stev.

CICERO and QUINTILIAN both infift upon their Orator's appearing and being a Good Man, and the Caufes he undertakes being juft, Valet enim multum ad vincendum, probari Mores, Inftituta, & Facta, & Vitam eorum, qui agunt Caufas, & eorum pro quibus. TULLY adds further, Si quid profequare acrius, ut invitus, & coactus facere videare. Facilita. tis, Liberalitatis, Manfuetudinis, Pietatis, grati Animi, non appetentis, non avidi, Signa pro

SECT.

SECT. III.

Of ARGUMENTS from the Affections or Paffions.

BY Arguments from the AFFECTIONS or

PASSIONS is meant, that He who would gain his Point in Perfuafion, must endeavour thoroughly to understand the Frame of Human Nature, and thereby work upon thofe Affections which God has placed in Human Minds as fecret Springs to all our Actions. Plura enim multo (fays TULLY) Homines judicant Odio, aut Amore, aut Cupiditate, aut Iracundiâ, aut Spe, aut Timore, aut Errore, aut aliquâ Permotione Mentis, quàm Veritate. Cic. de Orat. 2. 42.

The AFFECTIONS or PASSIONS are certain Emotions of the Soul accompanied either with Pleasure or Pain.

which Pleasure and Pain accompany. Thofe he treats of are, Ira, Delinitio, Amor, Q

The

dium, Metus, Fidentia, Pudor, Gratia, Mifericordia, Stomachatio, Invidia. Some of which the Orator, according to the Nature of his Subject, muft fhew in himself, if he hopes to work upon the Affections of others; for, as HORACE obferves, in his Art of Po

try,

'Tis Nature forms, and foftens us within,
And writes our Fortunes Changes in our Face.
Pleasure enchants, impetuous Rage transports,
And Grief dejects, and wrings the tortured Soul;
And these are all interpreted by Speech:
But he whofe Words and Fortunes disagree,
Abfurd, unpity'd, grows a public Jeft.

Rofcommon. In fhort, to be able to touch fulleft Light, to reprefent it as

upon and move the Paffions properly, to fet Truth in the

amiable, and

engage

Men to

love and pursue it, is the most

glorious

The four chief Paffions are; JOY, in refpect to fome prefent Good; HOPE, in refpect to fome future Good; GRIEF, in refpect to fome prefent Evil; and FEAR, in respect to some future Evil.

To thefe may be added, Anger, Lenity, Modefty, Impudence, Love, Hatred, Malice, Envy, Compaffion, and Emulation, &c.

Vid. Ger. Jo. Voffi Elem. Rhet. de Invent. Vide etiam ejufdem Voffii Partit. Orat. lib. 1. c. 2. §. 5. c. 3, 4, 5, 6, &c. lib. 2. cap. 1, 2, &c. 15,' &c.

ANNOTATIONS.

glorious Quality of an Orator.
For as the A. B. of CAM-
BRAY obferves from TUL-
LY,
"The whole Art of E-
loquence confifts in inforcing
the clearest Proofs of any
"Truth, with fuch powerful
"Motives as may affect the
"Hearers, and employ their
"Paffions to juft and worthy
"Ends; to raife their Indig-
nation, at Ingratitude; their
Horror, againft Cruelty;
their Compaffion, for the Mi-
"ferable; their Love, of Vir-

"tue; and to direct every
"other Paffion to its proper

¢་

Objects. This is what "PLATO calls affecting the "Minds of an Audience, and "moving their Bowels." Dialog. Eloq. p. 70.- Neque fieri poteft, ut doleat, is qui audit, ut oderit, ut invideat, ut pertimescat aliquid, nifi omnes ii Motus quos Orator adhibere volet Judici, in ipfo Oratore impreffi, atque inufii videbuntur. Cic. Orat. 2. 45.

2

Of DISPOSITION, or, The Right Placing of our Arguments, when Invented.

What is Difpofition? How many Parts are there in an Oration, and in what Order Should they Stand? §. 1. What is the Bufinefs of an Exordium? What is the Narration? What doth the Propofition? What is the Confirmation? What doth the Refutation? What doth the Peroration? Give an Example of an Oration or Declamation from the Claffics. §. 2. How many and what are the Parts of a Theme? Give an Example of a Theme. Where may be bad more Examples of Orations, Declamations, Themes, &c ?

E.

ISPOSITION is the Ranging of our Arguments or the Parts of an Oration in the most orderly and proper Manner.

F. THE PARTS of an ORATION or DECLAMATION are usually reckoned Six, and generally allow'd to stand in this Crder, Exordium, Narration, Propofition, Confirmation, Refutation, and Peroration, according to the old Verse.

Exorfus, Narro, Seco, Firmo, Refuto, Peroro. SECT.