of utilitarian theory from its crude original form two centuries ago in a critical evaluation of the work of its successive expositors. To the most distinguished of these, J. S. Mill, who gave the theory its name, and at the expense of logical consistency even regenerated it, Herbert Spencer, and Henry Sidgwick, he devotes three chapters each. He does not regard Spencer as the true exponent of evolutional ethics, but rather "as the last great Individualist, in the eighteenth-century sense of the word." Mill and Sidgwick he considers to have performed “a service for the development of systematic ethics which only the future can appreciate."

Industrial Conciliation: Report of the Proceedings of the Conference Held under the Auspices of the National Civic Federation in New York, December 16 and 17, 1901. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. 5x8 in. 278 pages. $1.25. This volume is made up of addresses and papers presented at the Conference of the National Civic Federation in this city last winter, and those presented at the Conference in Chicago winter before last. The volume contains as many papers by leaders of organized labor as by captains of industry, and while some of the former are vague and empty, others are as full of interest to students of industrial tendencies as are the addresses of Mr. Straus, or Bishop Potter, or Mr. Nixon. The longest paper in the volume, and also the most instructive, is that of Commissioner Wright on "Trade Boards of Conciliation and Arbitration Abroad."

In the Days of St. Clair: A Romance of the Muskingum Valley. By Dr. James Ball Naylor. The Saalfield Publishing Co., Akron, Ohio. Пlustrated. 5x71⁄2 in. 430 pages. $1.50.

A romance dealing with early episodes in the settlement of the Muskingum Valley and the slaughter of some of the early pioneers. There is a love story which starts rather hopelessly and ends in tragedy, revenge, and death for one woman and marriage for another to the man beloved by both. The flavor is sensational and not pleasant.

Italian Life in Town and Country. By Luigi

Villari. Illustrated. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. 5x7 in. 327 pages. (Our European Neighbours Series.) $1.20, net.

The latest addition to that entertaining and instructive series "Our European Neighbors" is by Signor Luigi Villari, and informs us as to Italian life in town and country. While other books-Mr. Carmichael's " In Tuscany for instance-may be more delightful reading as regards particular provinces, there is no book, so far as we know, which covers the entire field with the comprehensiveness and thoroughness of the present volume. Signor Villari instructs us, in the first place, as to the division of the Italian population; he considers the aristocracy, the middle classes, the artisans, agriculturists, and lower classes; he discusses questions of wealth and poverty; he informs us as to Italian home life, the position of women, the conditions of political and religious thought, the army and navy, the civil service, the administration of justice, local governments, and public education; finally, he writes illuminatively on literature, art, and

the amusements of the people. His book is so vivaciously written, indeed, that we are left with a series of pictures in our minds rather than a continuous account-we see the Neapolitans eating macaroni, the costumes of the Roman Campagna, the life on the canals of Venice-perhaps nowhere do types stand out more picturesquely from the general mass than in the Italian peninsula. The lines marking the various social classes are still drawn with alarming distinctness; the inveterate prejudice which persists in the Peninsula will not be overcome save by a century's democratizing. Signor Villari instances a number of amusing examples of how poverty-stricken aristocrats keep up family traditions at all costs. At the same time we note that, in gratifying contrast to racial conditions in France and Austria-though marriages between Jew and Gentile are more exceptional than in those countries-in Italy there is little anti-Semitic feeling. As a contribution to popular knowledge the chapter on the agricultural population is of particular importance, since it throws new light on the emigration of peasants from southern Italy and Sicily to America.

Italian Painting. By John C. Van Dyke, L.H.D. Illustrated. A. W. Elson & Co., Boston. 44x64 in. 32 pages. 50 cents.

Like the first volume of the "Little Histories of Art," this short monograph is a book to be commended to all art-lovers, and especially to those just forming their ideas on the great creative ages. As to the age of the Renaissance, while Professor Van Dyke indicates that it begins with the year 1400, he himself explains that the notion is misleading; for the roots were planted far back in the Middle Ages. On the other hand, many an artist painted pictures after 1400 which were entirely Gothic and not Renaissance in character-the author admits that Gothic traditions were carried into Renaissance times by Fra Angelico and others. The text is admirably concise and condensed; it leaves a clear idea of just what the Renaissance meant in art and civilization. The titles preceding the illustrations are ridiculously incomplete; for instance, we need to know something more about the illustration facing page 4 than that it is a picture of "Adoration." We want to know who painted it, and where it is.

Judith, Phoenix, and Other Anglo-Saxon Poems. Translated from the Greim-Wülker Text by J. L. Hall, Ph.D. Silver, Burdett & Co., New York. 5x8 in. 119 pages. 75c.

Reserved for later notice.

Life of Robert R. McBurney. By L. L. Dogget, Ph.D. Illustrated. F. M. Barton, Cleveland, Ohio. 5x8 in. 280 pages.

Though not a great man, Mr. McBurney was one of the most forceful personalities of all those engaged in forming and determining the character of that world-wide movement known as the Young Men's Christian Association. Most of his life he spent as General Secretary of the Twenty-third Street branch of the New York Association. Largely because of what he did as well as what he was, this office came to be in many respects the most influential to

be found in all the Associations in the world. When Mr. McBurney first undertook his work, the Association was in the way of becoming a mere organization for revivals and evangelistic projects. Even in England, where the movement originated, it was very narrow in scope. Viewed in relation to these facts, Mr. McBurney's ideals and achievements are seen to be liberal to an extraordinary degree. His purpose was to make use of every kind of good agency-the gymnasium, the reading room, the debating society, wholesome games, athletics, technical instruction, and books-in bringing the influence of the Association to bear upon the life of the young men in the city. This biography tells the story of Mr. McBurney's life. It has no notable literary qualities, nor is it remarkable for power of interpretation. It has, however, the qualities of clearness, fairness, and sympathy, which make it extremely serviceable to those readers who are interested in the Young Men's Christian Association. To such, the story of this life-begun in Ireland, continued in New York, and crowned with honor-will be of great value. To others this book will bring, perhaps, some surprising information as to the real breadth that has characterized the development of the Association, especially in its work of identifying religion with every part of life. This is not an unworthy recognition of the struggle through which Mr. McBurney went for the sake of giving the Young Men's Christian Association its present variety of function.

Lord Chesterfield's Letters to His Son. Edited by J. B. Seabury. Silver, Burdett & Co., New York. 5x7 in. 170 pages. 35c.

Mid-Eighteenth Century (The).

By J. H. Millar Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York. 5x7 in. 387 pages. $1.50, net.

Reserved for later notice.

Message of Man (The): A Book of Ethical Scriptures. Gathered and Arranged by Stanton Coit, Ph.D. The Macmillan Co., New York. 4×6 in. 340 pages. 75c.

This is a very handy edition of a valuable work first issued in larger form some years ago. The compiler has gathered from" the writings of the seers of to-day, of the saints of the church, the apostles, the prophets, the stoics, and of the sages of Athens and the East, what seemed to him the best utterances concerning the moral life of man.”

Mother Goose Paint Book. By J. M. Barnett. Illustrated. The Saalfield Publishing Co., Akron, Ohio. 8x 14 in. 105 pages. $1.25.

There are actual cakes of paint fixed in the binding of this book, which fact alone will make it a joy to children.

Neglected People of the Bible. By Dinsdale

T. Young. (Second Edition.) American Tract Society, New York. 5x8 in. 277 pages. $1. These are the less conspicuous or rarely mentioned, who are overlooked by the attention concentrated on the celebrated. The world which is kept going by ordinary people should take note of them. Mr. Young, who shows an inclusive sympathy with men of various religious communions, excels as an expositor. By the aid of imagination his sympathetic

temper often reads so much into his text that one is surprised at the abundance he extracts from it. The vigorous ethical quality of these expository sermons is as marked as their religious spirit.

Origin and Propagation of Sin (The). By

F. R. Tennant. The Macmillan Co., New York. 514x74 in. 231 pages. $1.10.

It has long been plain that evolutionary principles sharply antagonize the Church doctrine of the Fall of Man and Original Sin. The violent attack on Mr. Beecher, some twenty years since, for the discourses in which he took the evolutionist view of sin as due to "our brute inheritance," is in evidence of that antagonism. That view, however, has gained ground, but a thorough and critical restatement of the Christian doctrine of sin in accordance with the accepted principles of science is now for the first time attempted by an English theologian. Here Augustine and Pelagius are at length reconciled in the apportionment of their respective shares of truth. Mankind fall into sin, not because of "Adam's fall," but because constituted, like him, with an organic nature at cross-purposes with moral culture and progress. This view is very clearly and cogently presented, and leads up to a theodicy corresponding to it, in a view of the existence of moral evil as related to divine immanence in the world. Mr. Tennant has here made a solid and valuable contribution to theological literature.

Outdoor Land: A Story for Children. By

Robert W. Chambers. Illustrated. Harper & Bros., New York. 72x 10 in. 106 pages. $1.50, net. Here is another successful novelist writing a book for children-and doing it extremely well. The butterfly, the robin, the trout, the frog, the snake, and the spider, all talk gayly with Mr. Chambers's Peter and Geraldine about themselves and their world. So do the trees and the grass. The book is beautifully printed and prettily illustrated in color by Reginald Birch.

Out of the West. By Elizabeth Higgins. Harper & Bros., New York. 5x71⁄2 in. 315 pages. $1.50.

An over-strenuous story of a beautiful young woman who advocates the cause of oppressed labor on the platform, marries a man who goes to Congress to help the cause but betrays it for gain, and in the end draws him back to honest courses. There is some good local color, but as a whole the story is crude and overwrought.

Popular History of Astronomy during the Nineteenth Century (A). By Agnes M. Clerke. The Macmillan Co., New York. 54x9in. 48, pages. $4. Fourth Edition.

The rapid progress of science, which requires the frequent rewriting of standard works, has called for the present revised edition of this, which was first issued in 1885. How we came to know all that has been learned of the mystery of the stellar universe since Herschel's time is here related with proper prominence of the biographical element. The author's materials are mainly drawn from original authorities. The story is in various parts of fascinating interest, as in the chapter on

Planetary Evolution, the theory of which, at the end of a century since La Place advanced his famous nebular hypothesis, still halts short of the conclusive discovery.

Prophet of the Real (A). By Esther Miller. Illustrated. F. F. Taylor & Co., New York. 5×8 in. 269 pages. $1.50.

Rambler's Note-Book at the English Lakes (A).

By the Rev. H. D. Rawnsley. The Macmillan Co., New York. 5×74 in. 258 pages. $2. Canon Rawnsley's latest book concerns itself with the English counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland, as have his "Literary Associations of the English Lakes," "Life and Nature at the English Lakes,” and “ Ruskin and the English Lakes." It seems as if we could hardly have too many books on that region by such a learned and delightful companion. Whether they have visited it or not, to most readers Grasmere and Keswick, Skiddaw and St. John's Vale, Ladore and Derwentwater, are something more than mere names. The book is full of nature-lore and of folk-lore. It is a volume of inevitable appeal to the man who seeks" God's out-of-doors "-in connection with that phrase we note that Canon Rawnsley dedicates the book to his friend the Rev. Dr. Henry van Dyke. A particularly interesting feature of the book lies in its information concerning the origin of the Lake people. It is owing to Viking origin that the hills and dales of Cumberland have practically kept the dwellers in them much to themselves, and to certain family strains of blood. Until the middle of the nineteenth century, says Canon Rawnsley, these dales-folk were shut off from the rest of the world. Hence one is able to find the manner of the ancient Norseman still unchanged, and the Cumbrian character much as it was when the foreign chieftains made their way into the British mountain fastnesses. The very name Keswick recalls Ketel the Dane, and the "thwaites" and "garths call the Norse rovers of the time of Thorolf and Ingolf.

re

Science and Key of Life: Planetary Influences.

By Alvidas, et al. Astro Publishing Co., Detroit,
Mich. 6291⁄2 in. 479 pages.

We can acknowledge our debt to astrology for having led up to astronomy, without recognizing it as having any further claim on our consideration. We must admit that our environment is influential on our destiny; but that planetary influences are a potent part of that environment is the unproved assumption of the astrologer. Individual experiences, quoted as confirmatory of horoscopes, must be proved to be more than the casual coincidences that they seem to be. The elaborate volume before us is motived by an ethical interest-" forewarned, forearmed;" but the lamp of experience and prudence requires better oil. Horace's advice to Leuconoë to avoid astrology"nec tentaris Babylonios numeros"-has been before the world for nineteen centuries; but something less elevating than hope still "springs eternal in the human breast." Shakespeare Cyclopedia and New Glossary.

By John Phin. Industrial Publication Co., New
York. 6x9 in. 428 pages. $1.50.

This does not cover exactly the same ground

occupied by the well-known concordances and phrase-books. It defines archaic and uncommon words found in Shakespeare, explains idiomatic phrases and obscure references, gives important variorum readings, and includes notes on folk-lore, local traditions, old English customs, legends, proverbs, and much else. Thus to describe the book is to prove its usefulness, provided that the execution be equal to the plan; and in that respect Mr. Phin is deserving of high praise. Mr. Edward Dowden furnishes a scholarly introduction and explains appreciatively Mr. Phin's purpose and method.

Son! Or the Wisdom of "Uncle Eph." By Lord Gilholley. Illustrated. The F. A. Stokes Co., New York. 52X8 in. 457 pages. $1.

Special Reports on Educational Subjects.

Vols. 10 and 11. Education in the United States of America. Parts I. and II. (English Government Report.) Eyre & Spottiswoode, London, England. 5X9 in. 624 pages.

Reserved for later notice."

Story of Joan of Arc for Boys and Girls (The).

By Kate E. Carpenter. Illustrated. Lee & Shepard, Boston. 5X7 in. 184 pages. 80 cts., net. The old and ever-interesting story of the "Maid of Orleans" is here told by an aunt to her nephew and nieces. The mystery of the marvelous story still remains, of course, but its supernatural elements are made as wholein fitting it to childish understanding. somely entertaining as the subject will allow

State (The), Specially the American State, Psychologically Treated. By Denton J. Snider, Litt.D. Sigma Publishing Co., St. Louis. 6x8 in. 561 pages.

The subject-matter of this book is politics, but the method of treatment is so distinctively psychological that the work belongs to the category of psychologies rather than that of political philosophies. It is, indeed, the psy chology of man as he reveals himself through political institutions. The State, as Dr. Snider conceives it, is a Will-"one whole Will, which the Wills of all the people constitute." It is not a person, but none the less is "a separate entity, as if all those constituent individuals made one colossal Individual, who is all of them put together, yet is himself too. He is not only the Will of All, but is the AllWill-nothing but Will, whose content, aim, purpose, is to will Will-that is, to secure man's free will actively through the Institution." Stated somewhat less psychologically, the purpose of the State, as best exemplified by the American State, is so to express the common will of all that the freedom (or "will") of every individual may be secured. Dr. Snider devotes the major part of his volume to a discussion of the Constitution of the United States-the Federal States-which rests, as Hamilton said, "on the solid basis of the consent of the people," and acts so to preserve in their several spheres the freedom of action of the individual States as well as the individual citizens of which it is composed. In the concluding portion of his volume Dr. Snider reviews the development of political psychology, giving particular attention, of course, to the philosophy of his master Hegel, but pointing out with all possible clearness

that "Hegel's developed State is far less creditable to him than his germinal thought of the State (as the actualization of freedom'), because he took Prussia for a model, and that in a time of reaction-about 1820, when his book was published." The criticism of a political philosopher, that he merely presented a philosophical explanation and justification of the government under which he lived, has also been validly made of Plato and Aristotle, and may perhaps be made of Dr. Snider himself.

Step by Step. A Primer. By S. C. Peabody. Illustrated. Ginn & Co., Boston. 5X7 in. 98 pages. 30c.

Story of Verona (The). By Alethea Wiel. Illustrated. The Macmillan Co., New York. 42X7 in. 314 pages. $1.50.

The latest addition to a model series, "Medieval Towns," has to do with Verona, and Verona is certainly a medieval town par excellence. Many travelers in Europe are fairly familiar with Rome, Florence, Rouen, and Nuremberg; not so many with such worth-while towns as Perugia, Assisi, Chartres, Bruges, and Toledo. None of those towns, however, except the last named, fulfill so aptly the type ideal of a mediæval city as does Verona, perhaps because the history of North Italy is in special degree no continuous and simple history; it is labyrinthine with the aggressive changes made by Greek, Etruscan, Roman, Ostro-Goth, Lombard, and Frank. As a whole, the volume is one of the most valuable of the series.

Tales About Temperaments. By John Oliver Hobbes. D. Appleton & Co., New York. 5×74 in. 207 pages. $1.

A powerful but revolting tale of murder based on misapprehension, two plays (one of which was that produced in London with critical approval but without much popular success), and two or three brief sketches and stories

make up this volume, which as a whole hardly presents Mrs. Craigie's always clever literary work at its best.

Theological and Semitic Literature for the Year 1901. By W. Muss Arnolt. University of Chicago Press. Paper, 6x 10 in. 112 pages. A fresh number of this catalogue deserves renewed commendation of it. Its contents are richer than some might judge from the concise title. Under "Prolegomena " to Theology it includes philosophy, psychology, and philosophical ethics; also such subjects as mythology and folk-lore. Under " Exegetical Theology" are included rabbinical and later Jewish history and literature. "Historical Theology" in turn covers present-day problems and discussions; also missions, Protestant and Catholic. To the student such a record of the year's output in the civilized languages on the various subjects relating to organized religion is of the highest value. Tom Moore: An Unhistorical Romance. By Theodore B. Sayre. Illustrated. The F. A. Stokes Co., New York. 5x8 in. 341 pages. $1.50. This has the usual faults of a story patched together from a popular play. It has catchy, clever quirks and turns, but is scrappy and

inconsequent as a whole. The scenes in which Moore figures are wholly imaginary-happily for the poet's posthumous reputation. Moore undoubtedly had his failings as a man, but his record as a whole shows him to have been a man of moral perceptions, and socially a gentleman. This story in parts would tend to show him a cad and buffoon.

Twelfth Census of the United States, Taken in the Year 1900. William R. Merriam, Director. Vol. III., Part I. Vital Statistics. Vol. V., Part 1, Agriculture. Vol. VIII., Part II., Manufactures. The United States Census Office, Washington, D.C. 9x 12 in.

Typhoon. By Joseph Conrad. Illustrated. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. 5x71⁄2 in. 205 pages. $1, net.

Perhaps no other living writer could produce, with only two or three characters, without anything that can be called a plot, and with but one incident, so distinct and clear an im

pression as is given by this book. The study of sea and storm is a piece of artistry in writing which even Mr. Conrad has rarely equaled, while the personality of the captain of the typhoon-besieged steamer is built up by little touches until his dull-brained adherence to duty and steady persistence in doing his best glow into something like heroic bravery. The tale will rank in excellence with Mr. Conrad's "Youth," which The Outlook published some years ago. "Typhoon" has imaginative power of a high order.

Vultures (The). By Henry S. Merriman.

Il

lustrated. Harper & Bros., New York. 52x71⁄2 in. 341 pages. $1.50.

The" Vultures" are the representatives of the foreign officers of the Powers, who, we are told, always gather like vultures around prey, when any national or international danger exists in some one spot. Here they are found in Warsaw in recent days awaiting a threatened revolution, which in the end fails miserably, as have many real Pofish plots. The heroine is a patriotic Polish princess. There are many characters of many nations, all unusual, and one at least, the Frenchman Deulin, heroic in a high sense. The story-interest grips the attention hard; few writers surpass Mr. Merriman in this power of holding his plot so well in hand that the sense of expectation in the reader never falters. Of the three American characters in the book, one, that of a diplomat, is slight but clever; a second is that of a heartless and selfish girl fishing for matrimonial honors-drawn with subtlety, but inherently disagreeable; the third is a "woman's right woman -a mere caricature, neither amusing nor real.

Wandering Heroes. By Lillian L. Price. Illustrated. Silver. Burdett & Co., New York. 5×7% in. 192 pages. 50c.

Nomadic heroes from the earliest Biblical period down to comparatively modern times are here treated from the view-point of a scholarly mind adapting itself to the supposed needs of children. Abraham and Isaac, Joseph, Moses, Cyrus the Great, King Clovis, and the Indian Prince Siddartha are among the personages handled.

The Witness of Holy Scripture

To the Editors of The Outlook:

In your issue of June 28, in answering an inquiry on the Notes and Queries page, you say: “But our assurance of the Eternal Goodness depends on no ancient text." It seems to me that this statement is too sweeping, and that it is misleading. Do you mean to say that it is possible for me (or you, or any other real or nominal Christian) literally and utterly to repudiate my belief that the Bible is, in an important sense, the Book of God, and yet maintain my "assurance" of the Eternal Goodness? I do not suppose that any man's faith that God is good, whether this faith be called assurance or not, depends on any intelligently conceived or well-defined theory of the ancient text of the Bible, for probably the vast majority of believers in the divine goodness have no theory whatever concerning the text at least none in any technical or scientific sense. Nevertheless, the ancient text is one of the foundation-stones of our persistent faith that God is good, notwithstanding all his hard and painful providences as exhibited in nature and in human history. If I should become so awry in my mental attitude as to repudiate the Bible intellectually and historically, I could still never repudiate it essentially and at the same time maintain my faith in the Eternal Goodness. The Bible is myself. It has, by long years of silent influence, dating back far beyond the day of my birth, become incorporated into

It is incarnated, having become my psychological and ethical self. But it had to be an "ancient text" before it could ever be "me." And what I say of myself is true, to an important extent, of every man in Christendom. Every one of us is made, largely, out of the Bible, however mechanically any one may repudiate it. And as we "depend" on the Bible as it is now, so does the Bible now depend on what it once was.

But the Bible was a Bible, or at any rate a divine revelation, before it was a book. Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and the rest, so far as we know, had no written text. What they knew of the ernal Goodness and of God in other

respects was communicated to them through their experience. And we have the benefit of the experience to such an extent that to sever our faith from the ancient record of it would be to go back some thousands of years, as a people, and traverse the long journey of the ages over again.

Many good American citizens have never read the Declaration of Independence or the history of the American Revolution. They know nothing of the difficulties that hang so thick about the ancient texts of these documents. And yet, as good American citizens, they literally deperfd for their daily lives upon them. One may speak of them in plain prose, and another in poetry, and others still in the noisy formulas of the Fourth of July— that day which we always write with a capital letter-but whatever be the form in which the ancient text appears, it is as immortal as American life itself, of which it is the very heart's blood. And patriotism never doubts, and it never quibbles over the question whether Jefferson wrote it all or only revised it. The Declaration of Independence is, in any event, an undying fact of undying record, a root out of which has sprung all that has come after it in this country. So with the Bible and the facts which the Bible records. It is good for us not to forget either of these ancient texts, for this is the only way whereby to remember the events and experiences which underlie them. "Thy word have I hid in my heart."

R. V. F.