schoolmaster had never heard of him, but he unhesitatingly accepted the offer, being eager to proceed with his own educa tion, and cultivate his talent for teaching.

In the letter he wrote to Fischer, on the 16th of January, 1800, Steinmüller speaks of Krusi in the following terms:

"I have found the man I wanted, and hope he will satisfy you. He is twenty-four years old, has nothing but what he earus, is willing, docile, and energetic; he already possesses a fair amount of that sort of knowledge which is most useful for a schoolmaster, and has an ardent love for his profession. He is certain to meet with considerable success. His character is blameless. His name is Hermann Krusi, and he is one of my parishioners and schoolmasters. He is very anxious to come to you, knowing how much he has to gain from you and Pestalozzi. If he should not suit you, he can come back here."

On the 21st of January, 1800, Krusi left Gais with twentyeight children of both sexes. He has left us a few details of the journey, which show with what sympathy the little band was everywhere received:

"At Winterthur, whilst we were taking some food that had been provided for us, the excellent pastor Hanhart came in. On hearing the reason of our journey, he hurried out and soon came back with a little money, which, in his zeal, he had collected, and which he gave us with his blessing and best wishes for our welfare.

"At Bassersdorf, where we arrived somewhat late, we had to go to the inns. All the beds were taken, however, on account of the fair at Zurich, so we were put into some big rooms covered with straw. The tribunal of the district happened to be sitting in the town, and its president made a collection for us, and himself brought us the proceeds, with his best wishes for a prosperous journey."

On the 27th of January the little band arrived at Burgdorf, and the children were placed with different families in the neighbourhood. A room was found for Krusi in the Castle, where Fischer and Pestalozzi were already living, and meals were provided for him in the house of one of the townspeople.

This emigration of the poor children of the small cantons into other parts of Switzerland is a striking fact in connection with those troublous times. The distress which induced so many parents to part with their children must have been great indeed; we cannot but admire the generous sympathy of those who received them into their homes.

The number of children thus provided for was very great In the beginning of February, 1800, a second party of forty. four, from ten to fourteen years old, was despatched from Appenzell. One of the youngest of these was John Ramsauer, to whom we have already referred. In his memoirs he has left us a curious account of this journey, from which we quote the following passage:

"We journeyed in two open waggons. The treatment we received at the different places we stopped at depended, more or less, upon the political opinions of the people of the place. I noticed that it was always the poorest, the most neglected, and the most ignorant children who were the loudest in their complaints; whilst those who had been accustomed to a certain degree of comfort, or had had a little education, cheerfully accepted the hardships of their position.1 Our first stopping-place was at Wyl, in the canton of Thurgau; it was late, and snowing fast, and we were obliged to wander about for a long time with lanterns looking for our night quarters; I slept with two other children in a very humble house; we went to bed without supper, and our room kept out neither wind nor snow. At Zurich, which was full of foreign soldiers, we found no other shelter but a hospital, with straw for beds. Most of the children did nothing but complain the whole night long, and the next morning many of them were quite ill. At Morgenthal, in the canton of Berne, nobody would take us in, and we had to go on through the night for some miles till we found refuge in a lonely cottage already full of soldiers and camp followers. Generally, however, we were treated with kindness and consider

The spoiled children of rich parents, had there been any, would probably have complained louder even than the poor. Ramsauer's remark shows the advantage, from an educational point of view, of those modest but happy homes where comfort is the outcome of labour. Aurea mediocritas!

New

brary,

140th Street and Alexander Avenue.

TMENT.

CIRCU

ation. We were never tired of talking of the warm welcome we received at Lenzburg, where we were so well lodged, and at Suhr, where we had such a good dinner.

The

"Our destination was Oberburg, about three miles to the south of Burgdorf. It took us a week to reach it. On our arrival we were drawn up in a public square, and exhibited to the generous people who had agreed to adopt us. richer people chose the prettiest children; the peasants took the healthiest and strongest. Fifteen, myself among the number, were not chosen by anybody. We were therefore sent off to Schleumen, a little to the west of Burgdorf. There, once more ranged in order, we were awaiting our fate, when a lady, who had promised to take two children, came out of a pretty house to examine us. All the rest were gloomy and silent, but I turned and cried merrily, 'I know how old that house is!' The date was over the door. quickness pleased the lady, and she took me and one of my companions home with her. The others were taken to the village of Hindelbank."

My

Not long afterwards the same small district of Appenzell sent away a third, and even a fourth party of children. Nor were they sent merely from Glarus, but from Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Zug, and Saint Gallen, and they were received in every part of Western Switzerland, from Basle to Geneva.

Krusi now settled at Burgdorf, and continued to teach the children he had brought with him, for all of whom homes had been found somewhere in the town or neighbourhood. When the School Commission was asked what he was to be paid, they replied:

"The schoolmaster Krusi, besides continuing to instruct the children of his native parish, as he was in the habit of doing at home, is ready to take other pupils. He is entitled to charge four shillings a month for any lessons given outside the school; but as we do not wish to impose an additional burden upon the generous people who have adopted these poor children, we must leave those who wish to make him some return to fix the amount for themselves."

Pestalozzi, Fischer, and Krusi lived together, not only in perfect sympathy, but in perfet harmony. Pestalozzi and

Fischer, although their views were not in every respect identical, loved and esteemed each other very highly. It was Fischer, however, who by his lessons, his example, and his advice, exercised the greatest influence on Krusi's work. In April, 1800, as the opportunity for founding a normal school did not arrive, Fischer, unable to wait any longer, accepted a post at Berne, where he was appointed professor of philosophy and pedagogy, with a seat on the Council of Education.

Krusi felt his loss very much, but endeavoured to make up for it by going to Berne every Sunday to receive advice, and render an account of the week's work.

Before long, however, Fischer fell ill and died. It was Pestalozzi who brought Krusi the sad news, and he proposed that they should unite their schools, and pursue together their common work.

Krusi unhesitatingly accepted, for he had already learned to understand Pestalozzi, and to see the importance of his educational views, which were similar in many respects to the opinions at which, in the course of his self-instruction, he had himself arrived.

And thus Pestalozzi found the very collaborator he was in need of, a man, that is, who was warm-hearted, intelligent, energetic, and devoted to teaching, and at the same time entirely free from routine and old-fashioned prejudices. Krusi differed also from most other teachers in underrating his own attainments. He remained with Pestalozzi till the decay of the Yverdun institute, successfully teaching the various elementary subjects, and winning especial distinction for his lessons in language and natural history.

His old pupils will always remember him with affection: the fine, dignified head; the high, open forehead and curly hair; the kind, intelligent eyes; and, above all, the neverchanging expression of gentleness, simplicity, and goodwill. It was he especially that we liked to have for our guide in our mountain walks and excursions at Yverdun, when he would look after those of us who were small and weak not only like a father, but with all the care of the tenderest mother.

Whilst at Yverdun, Krusi married an under-mistress in Niederer's school, a lady in every respect worthy of him. After the fall of Pestalozzi's establishment, he went back

to his native place, where he was entrusted first with the direction of the district school at Trogen, then with that of the normal school at Gais. It was at the latter place that in October, 1837, we had the pleasure of seeing our old master again, and spending some days with him.

He had acquired a large house situated a little above the village at the foot of the Gäbris. He and his family occupied the first floor; on the second, his eldest daughter, a pupil of Mrs. Niederer's, conducted a school for girls, and on the ground floor was the class-room of his training students, who lived, however, in the village. Next to the class-room was a model primary school, where Krusi taught the grandchildren of many who had been his pupils forty-four years before. He was now sixty-two years old; it was twenty years since we had left him, and he was scarcely altered. His energy seemed no whit abated. Lessons, games, walks, everything was the better for his goodness, ardour, and simple piety, which filled the house with harmony and joy, and encouraged earnestness in thought and work.