PORTUGAL.

(REINO DE PORTUGAL E ALGARVES.)

Reigning King.

Luis I., born Oct. 31, 1838, the son of the late Queen Maria II. and of the late Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg; succeeded his brother, King Pedro V., Nov. 11, 1861; married, Oct. 6, 1862, to Queen Pia, born Oct. 16, 1847, the youngest daughter of King Vittorio Emanuele of Italy.

Children of the King.

I. Prince Carlos, Duke of Braganza, born September 28, 1863; married May 22, 1886, Marie Amalie, daughter of Philippe Duc d'Orleans, Comte de Paris. Offspring: Louis Philippe, Prince of Beira, born March 21, 1887.

II. Prince Affonso, Duke of Oporto, born July 31, 1865.

Sister and Brother of the King.

I. Princess Antonia, born Feb. 17, 1845; married, Sept. 12, 1861, to Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, born Sept. 22, 1835. Offspring of the union are three sons:-1. Prince Wilhelm, born March 7, 1864. 2. Prince Ferdinand, born Aug. 24, 1865. 3. Prince Karl, born September 1, 1868.

II. Prince Augustus, Duke of Coimbra, born November 4, 1847.

Aunt of the King.

Princess Adelaide, born April 3, 1831; married, Sept. 24, 1851, to Don Miguel, son of King João VI. of Portugal and of Princess Charlotte of Spain; widow, Nov. 14, 1866. Offspring of the union are six daughters and one son, Prince Miguel, born Sept. 19, 1853; married, Oct. 17, 1877, to Princess Elisabeth of Thurn und Taxis, born May 28, 1860.

The reigning dynasty of Portugal belongs to the House of Braganza, which dates from the commencement of the fifteenth century, at which period Affonso, an illegitimate son of King João, or John I., was created by his father Duke of Braganza and Lord of Guimaraens. When the old line of Portuguese kings, of the House of Avis, became extinct by the death of King Sebastian, and of his nominal successor, Henrique 'the Cardinal,' Philip II. of Spain took possession of the country, claiming it in virtue of his descent from a Portuguese princess; but in disregard of the fundamental law of the kingdom, passed by the Cortes of Lamego in 1139, which excluded all foreign princes from the succession. After bearing the Spanish

rule for more than half a century, the people of Portugal revolted, and proclaimed Don João, the then Duke of Braganza, as their king, he being the nearest heir to the throne, though of an illegitimate issue. The Duke thereupon assumed the name of João IV., to which Portuguese historians appended the title the Fortunate.' From this João, through many vicissitudes of family, the present rulers of Portugal are descended. For two centuries the members of the line of Braganza kept up the ancient blood alliances with the reigning house of Spain; but the custom was broken through by the late Queen Maria II., who, by a union with a Prince of Coburg, entered the great family of Teutonic Sovereigns. Luis I. is the second Sovereign of Portugal of the line of Braganza-Coburg.

Luis I. has a civil list of 365,000 milreis, or about 82,000l.; while his consort, Queen Pia, has a grant of 60,000 milreis, or 13,3007. The whole grants to the royal family amount to 571,000 milreis, or 126,8881.

The following is a list of the Sovereigns of Portugal since its conquest from the Moors :

I. House of Burgundy.

Henri of Burgundy

Affonso I., the Conqueror'
Sancho I., 'the Dexterous'

Affonso II., 'the Fat'

Philip IV.

Diniz, the Farmer'

1656

1683

Affonso IV., 'the Brave'.

1706

Pedro, the Severe'

1357

José

Ferdinando I., 'the Handsome'

1750

1777

The average reign of the thirty-five sovereigns of Portugal, from the ascension of the House of Burgundy, was twenty-two years.

Constitution and Government.

The fundamental law of the kingdom is the 'Carta constitutional' granted by King Pedro IV., April 29, 1826, and altered by an additional Act, dated July 5, 1852. The crown is hereditary in the female as well as male line; but with preference of the male in case

of equal birthright. The Constitution recognises four powers in the State, the legislative, the executive, the judicial, and the 'moderating' authority, the last of which is vested in the Sovereign. There are two legislative Chambers, the 'Cámara dos Pares,' or House of Peers, and the 'Cámara dos Deputados,' or House of Commons, which are conjunctively called the Cortes Geraes. The law of July 24, 1885, abolishes hereditary peerages, though only by a very gradual process. The number of life peers appointed by the King will be 100, not including princes of the royal blood and the 12 bishops of the Continental dioceses. Until such time as the life peers are reduced to 100 in number, the King can only appoint 1 peer for every 3 vacancies that take place. Peers now living, and their immediate successors, will continue to enjoy the right of sitting in the Chamber of Peers. There will be 50 elective peers, who must be chosen from one of the classes from which the King, under the law of May 3, 1878, may select life peers. They must possess certain property qualifications, and be over 35 years of age. Five of these peers mentioned above are to be chosen indirectly by the University Coimbra and certain other Portuguese scientific bodies. The delegates to meet at Lisbon. The remaining 45 peers will likewise be chosen indirectly by the different administrative districts. The delegates for Lisbon will return 4 peers; those for Oporto, 3; those for the other districts, 2 each. The members of the second Chamber are chosen in direct election, by all citizens twenty-one years of age who can read or write, possessing a clear annual income of 221., and by heads of families; electors must register themselves. The deputies must have an income of at least 390 milreis, or 891., per annum; but lawyers, professors, physicians, or the graduates of any of the learned professions, need no property qualification. The number of electors was 863,280, or 18 per cent. of the total population, in 1883. Continental Portugal is divided into ninety-four electoral districts, which, with Madeira and the Azores, return 149 deputies, or 1 deputy to 30,540 people. Each deputy has a remuneration of about 10s. a day during the session. The annual session lasts three months, and fresh elections must take place at the end of every four years. In case of dissolution, a new Parliament must be called together immediately. The General Cortes meet and separate at specified periods, without the intervention of the Sovereign, and the latter has no veto on a law passed twice by both Houses.

The executive authority rests, under the Sovereign, in a responsible Cabinet, divided into seven departments, in charge of the following ministries appointed February 20, 1886 :

1. Presidency of the Council and Ministry of the Interior.Senhor Lucianno de Castro Corte Real.

2. The Ministry of Justice.-Senhor F. A. da Veiga Beirao. 3. The Ministry of Public Works.-Senhor E. J. Navarro. 4. The Ministry of Finance.-Senhor M. Cyrillode de Carvalho. 5. The Ministry of Marine and the Colonies.-Senhor H. de Barros Gomes.

6. The Ministry of War.-Senhor José Joaquim de Castro. 7. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.-Senhor H. de Barros Gomes. The Sovereign is permitted, in important cases, to take the advice of a Council of State, or Privy Council, consisting, when full, of thirteen ordinary and three extraordinary members, nominated for life. The leading ministers, past and present, generally form part of the Privy Council, which in 1884 numbered twelve members.

Justice is administered by means of a supreme tribunal, which sits in Lisbon and decides cases for the whole Portuguese dominions. Courts of 'Relaçao,' three in number (similar to the French 'Cour de Cassation'), at Lisbon, Oporto, and in the Azores; and Courts of first instance in all district towns.

Religion and Education.

The Roman Catholic faith is the State religion; but all other forms of worship are tolerated. The Portuguese Church is under the special jurisdiction of a Patriarch' (of Lisbon), with extensive powers, two archbishops (Braga and Evora), and fourteen bishops (including the islands). The Patriarch of Lisbon is always a cardinal, and, to some extent, independent of the Holy See of Rome. Under the Patriarch are five home and five colonial bishops; under the Archbishop of Braga, who has the title of Primate, are six; and under the Archbishop of Evora three bishops. The total income of the upper hierarchy of the Church is calculated to amount to 300,000 milreis, or 66,6661. There are 3,979 parishes each under the charge of a presbitero, or incumbent. All the conventual establishments of Portugal were suppressed by decree of May 28, 1834, and their property confiscated for the benefit of the State. At that period there existed in the country 632 monasteries and 118 nunneries, with above 18,000 monks and nuns, and an annual income of nearly a million sterling. This revenue was applied to the redemption of the national debt; while a library of 30,000 volumes was set up at the former convent of San Francisco, at Lisbon, from the collections of books and manuscripts at the various monasteries. A few religious establishments are still permitted to exist; but their inmates are in a state of great poverty, and the buildings are gradually falling to ruin. The lower ranks of the priesthood are poorly educated, and their income scarcely removes them from the social sphere of the peasants and labouring classes. The number of Protestants in Portugal, mostly foreigners, does not exceed 500. They have chapels at Lisbon and Oporto.

According to official returns of the total population at the close of 1878 the number of illiterate inhabitants in Portugal and its islands is stated to be 3,751,774, or 82 per cent. of the total population, including, however, young children.

The superintendence of public instruction is under the management of a superior council of education, at the head of which is the Minister of the Interior. Public education is entirely free from the supervision and control of the Church. By a law enacted in 1844, it is compulsory on parents to send their children to a place of public instruction; but this prescription is far from being enforced, and only a very small fraction of the children of the middle and lower classes really attend school. The total school population in 1885 was 332,281. In 1885 there were 3,584 public primary schools with 177,372 pupils, and 1,774 private primary schools with 62,173 pupils, besides 175 night schools with 4,229 pupils. There were 22 lyceums, with 8,258 pupils, in 1885, besides numerous private middle-class schools. There is a polytechnic academy at Oporto, with 205 students in 1885; a polytechnic school with 86 students; an industrial and commercial school at Lisbon with 771 pupils; an industrial institute at Oporto with 531 pupils; medical schools at Lisbon and Oporto; an agricultural institute with 85 students. There is only one university in the kingdom, that of Coimbra, founded in 1290. It has five faculties, with 673 students in 1884-85. The clergy are educated in 22 establishments, where most of them receive gratuitous instruction.

The expenditure for public education in the budget of 1888-9 is 985,761 milreis.

Revenue and Expenditure.

The following tables show the receipts from various sources and the ordinary and extraordinary expenditure of Portugal for the ten years 1877-78 to 1886-87 :