Milreis 110,000 Cortes 1885-86 1886-87 The rectified budget for 1887-8 gave the revenue at 37,283,719 milreis, the ordinary expenditure 38,019,199 milreis, and the extraordinary expenditure 2,840,089 milreis, the total deficit being 3,575,568 milreis. The following are the budget estimates for 1888-89:: 120,824 Import duties (except tobacco and cereals). Export, quarantine, &c., duties 11,062,000 731,000 Ministry of Foreign Affairs 4,266,500 Public Works: 383,024 Repayments, interests, &c. 2,221,048 Extraordinary expendi ture 1,768,053 Total revenue 38,273,740 40,193,277 The estimated deficit was consequently 151,484 milreis. There has been no budget for the last thirty years without a deficit. Between 1877 and 1886 it was necessary to raise by loans, as will be seen on p. 391, sums amounting in the aggregate to 70,339,030 milreis (15,644,2281.). The public debt of Portugal dates from the year 1796, when the first loan of 4,000,000 milreis, or about 900,000l., was raised. Increasing very slowly at first, it was not till the year 1826 that another large sum was raised, namely, 35 millions of milreis, or 7,777,7771. The total debt rose gradually in the next thirty years, and at the end of 1856 had come to amount to 20,974,000l., requiring an annual interest of 629,0007. The debt more than doubled in the next ten years, and at the end of 1866 amounted to 43,255,000l., the annual interest being 1,297,000l. Since 1862 loans to the amount of over 60 millions sterling have been raised. total charge for the public debt in 1888-89 is over 17,000,000 milreis. The On the budget for 1888-89 the debt of Portugal stood as follows:261,989,866 milreis, 3 per cent. external bonds; 218,057,466 milreis, 3 per cent. internal bonds; 53,269,280 milreis, 5 per cent. bonds; a total of 533,316,612 milreis, or 118,514,8021. The funded debt of Portugal, per head of population, is nearly as large as that of the United Kingdom, the quota of debt for each inhabitant amounting to 241., and the annual share of interest to 148. Besides the funded debt there is a floating debt, which in January 1888 stood at 16,513,032 milreis. The interest on the public debt has remained frequently unpaid. Portions of the national debt have also been repudiated at various periods; among others the loan contracted by Don Miguel in 1832. Army and Navy. The army of the kingdom is formed partly by conscription, and partly by voluntary enlistment. Its organisation is based on the law of June 23, 1864, modified by subsequent laws in 1868, 1869, 1875, 1877, 1884, and 1885. All young men of twenty-one years of age, with certain exceptions, are obliged to serve. The effective is fixed annually by the Cortes. By the law of 1884 the army consists of 24 regiments of infantry, 12 regiments of chasseurs, 10 regiments of cavalry, 3 regiments of mounted artillery, 1 brigade of mountain artillery, 1 regiment and 4 companies of garrison artillery, and 1 regiment of engineers. The duration of service is 12 years, 3 with the active army, 5 in the first, and 4 in the second reserve. The war effective is 125,000 officers and men, 12,700 horses and mules, and 264 guns. The strength of the army was Milreis 110,000 Cortes Import duties (except 11,062,000 The rectified budget for 1887-8 gave the revenue at 37,283,719 milreis, the ordinary expenditure 38,019,199 milreis, and the extraordinary expenditure 2,840,089 milreis, the total deficit being 3,575,568 milreis. The following are the budget estimates for 1888-89:: Revenue Direct Taxes:- Revenue and interest tax Tax on Government sa- House tax Other direct taxes Indirect Taxes: tobacco and cereals). 120,824 Export, quarantine, &c., duties 731,000 Ministry of Foreign Affairs Tobacco 4,266,500 Public Works: 383,024 Repayments, interests, &c., 2,221,048 Extraordinary expendi ture 1,768,053 Total revenue 38,273,740 40,193,9 The estimated deficit was consequently 151,484 milreis. There has been no budget for the last thirty years without a deficit. Between 1877 and 1886 it was necessary to raise by loans, as will be seen on p. 391, sums amounting in the aggregate to 70,339,030 milreis (15,644,2287.). The public debt of Portugal dates from the year 1796, when the first loan of 4,000,000 milreis, or about 900,000l., was raised. Increasing very slowly at first, it was not till the year 1826 that another large sum was raised, namely, 35 millions of milreis, or 7,777,7771. The total debt rose gradually in the next thirty years, and at the end of 1856 had come to amount to 20,974,000l., requiring an annual interest of 629,000l. The debt more than doubled in the next ten years, and at the end of 1866 amounted to 43,255,000l., the annual interest being 1,297,000l. Since 1862 loans to the amount of over 60 millions sterling have been raised. The total charge for the public debt in 1888-89 is over 17,000,000 milreis. On the budget for 1888-89 the debt of Portugal stood as follows:261,989,866 milreis, 3 per cent. external bonds; 218,057,466 milreis, 3 per cent. internal bonds; 53,269,280 milreis, 5 per cent. bonds; a total of 533,316,612 milreis, or 118,514,8021. The funded debt of Portugal, per head of population, is nearly as large as that of the United Kingdom, the quota of debt for each inhabitant amounting to 247., and the annual share of interest to 148. Besides the funded debt there is a floating debt, which in January 1888 stood at 16,513,032 milreis. The interest on the public debt has remained frequently unpaid. Portions of the national debt have also been repudiated at various periods; among others the loan contracted by Don Miguel in 1832. Army and Navy. The army of the kim is formed partly by conscription, and partly by voluntary ent. Its organisation is based on the ied by subsequent laws in 1868, 1869, All young men of twenty-one years nere obliged to serve. The effective By the law of 1884 the army y, 12 regiments of chasseurs, 10 of mounted artillery, 1 brigade of 14 companies of garrison artillery, The duration of service is 12 in the first, and 4 in the second 125,000 officers and men, 12,700 uns. The strength of the army was fixed for 1888-89 at 30,000 men of all ranks, including 218 officers, of whom, however, as many will be sent back to their homes as can be spared consistently with the requirements of the service. There were besides 3,305 horses and mules. The number of recruits for the same period for the army and navy was fixed at 13,000, besides 3,000 for the reserve, in order to increase the war-effective. There are maintained in the colonies 8,880 officers and men, besides native troops. The navy of Portugal was composed as follows at the end of 1888. The steamers comprise Total 35 steamers, with 136 guns and of 19,840 horse-power. There are, besides, 3 training ships, 1 customs gunboat, and 13 sailing-vessels. The largest war-ship of the Portuguese navy is the ironclad corvette Vasco de Gama, built at the Thames Ironworks, Blackwall, and launched in December 1875. The Vasco de Gama has an unusually sharp prow for 'ramming.' The ship is plated with armour 8 and 9 inches thick, and carries two 21-ton guns, one 4-ton, and two 40-pounder guns. Her displacement is 2,480 tons, horsepower 3,600, and speed about 13 knots. Two gunboats, the Diego Cam and the Zambesi, are being completed, three gunboats, the Cacongo and two others, are being built, and the Massabi, a screw steamer built by Messrs. Laird, was added in 1886. The navy is officered by 1 vice-admiral, 11 rear-admirals, and 52 captains; 44 lieutenant-captains; 138 lieutenants, besides surgeons, engineers, &c.; and manned by 2,850 sailors in 1888. The fortified places of Portugal are mostly in a state of decay.; they are Elvas, Jerumenha, Campo Mayor, Marvao, Peniche, Nonsando, Almeida, and the forts of Lisbon; there are several naval harbours. Area and Population. Continental Portugal is divided into six provinces and seventeen districts; in addition there are the Azores and Madeira, which are regarded as an integral part of the kingdom. The area, according to the latest official geodetic data, and population, according to the census of the 1st of January 1878, and an official estimate for 1881, are given in the table on next page. ¡ *Including 3 new first-class boats. :11 |