The population increased only 4.1 per cent. in the nine years from 1869 to 1878, or at the average rate of less than per cent.

per annum. The increase between 1878 and 1881 was 3.40 per cent., or at the rate of 1.15 per cent. per annum. Of the total population, mainland and islands, in 1878, 2,175,829 were males, and 2,374,870 females. The average density in the mainland (1881) is 124 per square mile; it is greatest in province Minho, 358 per square mile; and least in Alemtejo, where it is only 39 per square mile. The only non-Portuguese element in the population of any consequence is the gipsies; there are about 3,000 negroes in the coast towns. The population in the north is mainly Galician; further south there has been considerable intermixture with Arabs, Jews, as also with French, English, Dutch, and Frisians.

Portugal had in 1878 two towns with a population of above 20,000 -Lisbon, with 246,343; and Oporto, with 105,838 inhabitants; the population of Braga was 19,755; Loulé, 14,448; Coimbra, 13,369; Evora, 13,046; Funchal (Madeira), 19,752; Ponta Delgada (Azores), 17,635. The total urban population on the mainland in 1878 was 490,386, and rural, 3,669,929.

No complete returns of births, deaths, and marriages have been issued since 1875 (see YEAR-Book, 1886, p. 382). There are partial returns of births and deaths for 1885 for the districts of Vianna, Braga, Oporto, Evora, Beja, Faro (Algarve), Lisbon, Horta, Delgada, and Funchal, a population of about 2,300,000, or one-half of the total population. The total number of births in these districts in 1885 was 54,915, and deaths 37,801, giving a surplus of 17,114. In Lisbon the births numbered 4,983, and deaths 6,457, giving an excess of deaths of 1,474. The number of illegitimate births in these districts was 6.230, cr 14 per cent. of the whole. In Lisbon they were one-third of the whole births, and in Oporto one-fourth. In Ponta Delgada the illegitimate births are only 5 per cent. of the whole, and in Funchal 4 per cent. In Oporto the death-rate is 37 per thousand, in Ponta Delgada 18, and in Vianna 19.

The number of emigrants from Portugal during the period 186680 was 169,883. The following are the statistics for 1881-85,

showing destination of emigrants:

Included in the above in 1885 were 2,826 emigrants from

the Azores, and 1,841 from Madeira. There were in addition 1,851 emigrants to other parts of Europe.

The number of cases before the Criminal Courts in 1881 was 11,594; of these 3,951 were acquitted, and 7,305 sentenced, or 1.6 per 1,000 of population. Only 338 were sentenced to penal servitude.

Trade and Industry.

The commerce of Portugal has increased rapidly in recent years. During the 30 years ending 1881 the imports had nearly doubled, and the exports had increased 66 per cent. The following table shows the value of the general imports and exports for the five years 188387:

The following table shows the declared values of special imports and exports (merchandise) in 1887:

The following table shows for 1887 the imports for consumption. from and exports to the leading countries.

In addition to this goods re-exported were valued at 4,235 contos, and goods in transit 2,449 contos, in 1887. The value of

the imports for the first six months of 1888 was 16,812,000 milreis, as compared with 15,590,750 milreis in the corresponding period of 1887; and of the exports 10,183,995 milreis, as compared with 9,582,993 milreis in 1887.

Wine is the most important product; the export in 1887 was valued at 11,370 contos. Of the total export in 1886, that sent to England was valued at 3,190 contos, to Brazil 2,737 contos, to France 3,906. The bulk of the port wine goes to England or Brazil; of the export to France in 1887, 3,733 contos represented the common country wine. The subjoined table gives the total value of the exports from Portugal to Great Britain, and of the imports of British produce into Portugal, in the five years 1883 to 1887, according to the Board of Trade returns:

1

Wine is the staple article of export from Portugal to the United Kingdom, the average annual value amounting to nearly 1,000,000. (see next page). Other exports are oxen, 121,0201.; copper ore and regulus, 288,1567.; cork, 391,9351.; pyrites, 44,8721.; fruits, 125,9387.; fish, 215,0241.; onions, 73,7201.; wool, 92,1917.; caoutchouc, 96,0937. in 1887. The imports of British home produce into Portugal embrace cotton goods, of the value of 744,7491.; iron, wrought and unwrought, valued at 254,8267.; and woollen fabrics, of the value of 106,6007.; butter, 115,2991.; coals, 148,8411.; machinery, 107,7377, in 1887.

The subjoined table shows the quantity and declared value of

wine exported from Portugal to the United Kingdom in each of the five years from 1883 to 1887:

For the total imports of wine, from all countries, into the United Kingdom, during the last ten years, see Spain. In 1887 it was 15,383,641 gallons, valued at 5,466,2667.; consequently a little less than onefifth the quantity and one-sixth the value was from Portugal.

Only about 51 per cent. of the soil of Portugal is cultivated; 22.6 is under tillage, 16.7 under grass, 8 per cent. under woods and forests, 2-2 per cent. under vineyards. Sufficient grain is not produced for the consumption of the population, but considerable quantities of potatoes, oranges, orrions, figs, and garlic are exported. The average annual value of the cereal production is estimated at 8,600,000l., of which Indian corn 4,000,000l. and wheat 2,673,0007. were the chief items. The produce of wine in 1885 was 76 million gallons. In 1882 there were 2,977,454 sheep and 624,658 cattle. Portugal has about 4,000 vessels engaged in fishing, and the exports of sardines and herrings are considerable. Iron ore is worked in some places, and a small quantity is exported; copper is worked in the south, and considerable quantities of copper are exported. There are no manufactures of importance. The population directly engaged in industries of various kinds, exclusive of agriculture, in 1881 was 90,998.

The commercial navy of Portugal consisted, on the 1st of January, 1888, of 220 vessels over 100 tons (including 30 steamers), of 79,516 tons in all. In 1887 there entered Portuguese ports (exclusive of coasters) 5,787 vessels of 3,454,000 tons, and cleared 5,841 of 3,395,000 tons. There were besides 6,046 coasters entered and 5,904 cleared.

The length of railways open for traffic in July 1888 was 1,192 miles. At the same time 300 miles were under construction. All

the railways receive subventions from the State.

The number of post-offices in the kingdom in December 1887 was 1,027. There were 20,219,712 letters, 3,056,279 post-cards, and 16,944,182 newspapers, &c., carried in the year 1887. The number of telegraph offices, at the end of 1885, was 275. There were, at the same date, 3,210 miles of line and 7,468 English miles of wire. The number of telegrams transmitted, received, and in transit in the year 1885 was 1,730,107.