rogue! Is it by short-clothes of yellow serge, and swineherd horns, that an infant of genius is educated? And yet, as usual, it ever remains doubtful whether he is laughing in his sleeve at these Autobiographical times of ours, or writing from the abund. ance of his own fond ineptitude. For he continues: If among 'the ever-streaming currents of Sights, Hearings, Feelings for 'Pain or Pleasure, whereby, as in a Magic Hall, young Gneschen ' went about environed, I might venture to select and specify, perhaps these following were also of the number :

'Doubtless, as childish sports call forth Intellect, Activity, so 'the young creature's Imagination was stirred-up, and a Historical tendency given him by the narrative habits of Father An'dreas; who, with his battle-reminiscences, and gray austere yet hearty patriarchal aspect, could not but appear another Ulysses and " Much-enduring Man." Eagerly I hung upon his tales, 'when listening neighbours enlivened the hearth; from these 'perils and these travels, wild and far almost as Hades itself, a 'dim world of Adventure expanded itself within me. Incalcul'able also was the knowledge I acquired in standing by the Old Men under the Linden-tree: the whole of Immensity was yet new to me; and had not these reverend seniors, talkative enough, been employed in partial surveys thereof for nigh fourscore years? With amazement I began to discover that Entepfuhl stood in the middle of a Country, of a World; that there was ́ such a thing as History, as Biography; to which I also, one day, by hand and tongue, might contribute.

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'In a like sense worked the Postwagen (Stage-Coach), which, slow-rolling under its mountains of men and luggage, wended 'through our Village: northwards, truly, in the dead of night; ' yet southwards visibly at eventide. Not till my eighth year did I reflect that this Postwagen could be other than some terrestrial Moon, rising and setting by mere Law of Nature, like the heavenly one; that it came on made highways, from far cities to'wards far cities; weaving them like a monstrous shuttle into 'closer and closer union. It was then that, independently of Schiller's Wilhelm Tell, I made this not quite insignificant reflec'tion (so true also in spiritual things): Any road, this simple Ente'pfuhl road, will lead you to the end of the World!

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'Why mention our Swallows, which, out of far Africa, as I ́ learned, threading their way over seas and mountains, corporate ' cities and belligerent nations, yearly found themselves, with the ' month of May, snug-lodged in our Cottage Lobby? The hos•pitable Father (for cleanliness' sake) had fixed a little bracket 'plumb under their nest: there they built, and caught flies, and

twittered, and bred; and all, I chiefly, from the heart loved them. Bright, nimble creatures, who taught you the mason-craft; nay, stranger still, gave you a masonic incorporation, almost social police? For if, by ill chance, and when time pressed, your House fell, have I not seen five neighbourly Helpers appear next day; and swashing to and fro, with animated, loud, long-drawn chirpings, and activity almost super-hirundine, complete it again ⚫ before nightfall?

'But undoubtedly the grand summary of Entepfuhl child's-cul⚫ture, where as in a funnel its manifold influences were concen'trated and simultaneously poured-down on us, was the annual Cattle-fair. Here, assembling from all the four winds, came the • elements of an unspeakable hurly-burly. Nutbrown maids and • nutbrown men, all clear-washed, loud-laughing, bedizened and beribanded; who came for dancing, for treating, and if possible, for happiness. Topbooted Graziers from the North; Swiss • Brokers, Italian Drovers, also topbooted, from the South; these with their subalterns in leather jerkins, leather skull-caps, and long oxgoads; shouting in half-articulate speech, amid the inar⚫ticulate barking and bellowing. Apart stood Potters from far Saxony, with their crockery in fair rows; Nürnberg Pedlars, in booths that to me seemed richer than Ormuz bazaars; Showmen 'from the Lago Maggiore; detachments of the Wiener Schub (Off. scourings of Vienna) vociferously superintending games of chance. Ballad-singers brayed, Auctioneers grew hoarse; cheap New Wine (heuriger) flowed like water, still worse confounding the confusion; and high over all, vaulted, in ground-and-lofty tumbling, a particoloured Merry-Andrew, like the genius of the place and of • Life itself.

'Thus encircled by the mystery of Existence; under the deep heavenly Firmament; waited-on by the four golden Seasons, with ⚫ their vicissitudes of contribution, for even grim Winter brought • its skating-matches and shooting-matches, its snow-storms and • Christmas-carols,-did the Child sit and learn. These things ' were the Alphabet, whereby in after-time he was to syllable and partly read the grand Volume of the World; what matters it ' whether such Alphabet be in large gilt letters or in small ungilt ones, so you have an eye to read it? For Gneschen, eager to learn, the very act of looking thereon was a blessedness that gilded all his existence was a bright, soft element of Joy; out of which, as in Prospero's Island, wonder after wonder bodied

' itself forth, to teach by charming.

Nevertheless, I were but a vain dreamer to say, that even then my felicity was perfect. I had, once for all, come down from

'Heaven into the Earth. Among the rainbow colours that glowed ' on my horizon, lay even in childhood a dark ring of Care, as yet no thicker than a thread, and often quite overshone; yet always 'it reappeared, nay ever waxing broader and broader; till in afteryears it almost over-shadowed my whole canopy, and threatened ' to engulf me in final night. It was the ring of Necessity whereby we are all begirt; happy he for whom a kind heavenly Sun 'brightens it into a ring of Duty, and plays round it with beautiful 'prismatic diffractions; yet ever, as basis and as bourne for our ' whole being, it is there.

'For the first few years of our terrestrial Apprenticeship, we ' have not much work to do; but, boarded and lodged gratis, are 'set down mostly to look about us over the workshop, and see ' others work, till we have understood the tools a little, and can ' handle this and that. If good Passivity alone, and not good Passivity and good Activity together, were the thing wanted, then was my early position favourable beyond the most. In all that respects openness of Sense, affectionate Temper, ingenuous Curiosity, and the fostering of these, what more could I have wished? 'On the other side, however, things went not so well. My Active 'Power (Thatkraft) was unfavourably hemmed-in; of which mis'fortune how many traces yet abide with me! In an orderly house, ' where the litter of children's sports is hateful enough, your train'ing is too stoical; rather to bear and forbear than to make and 'do. I was forbid much: wishes in any measure bold I had to renounce; everywhere a strait bond of Obedience inflexibly held me down. Thus already Freewill often came in painful collision 'with Necessity; so that my tears flowed, and at seasons the 'Child itself might taste that root of bitterness, wherewith the 'whole fruitage of our life is mingled and tempered.

In which habituation to Obedience, truly, it was beyond mea'sure safer to err by excess than by defect. Obedience is our 'universal duty and destiny; wherein whoso will not bend must 'break: too early and too thoroughly we cannot be trained to 'know that Would, in this world of ours, is as mere zero to 'Should, and for most part as the smallest of fractions even to 'Shall. Hereby was laid for me the basis of worldly Discretion, nay, of Morality itself. Let me not quarrel with my upbringing! It was rigorous, too frugal, compressively secluded, everyway unscientific yet in that very strictness and domestic solitude 'might there not lie the root of deeper earnestness, of the stem 'from which all noble fruit must grow? Above all, how unskilful

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soever, it was loving, it was well-meant, honest; whereby every deficiency was helped. My kind Mother, for as such I must ever

love the good Gretchen, did me one altogether invaluable se 'vice: she taught me, less indeed by word than by act and dail ' reverent look and habitude, her own simple version of the Chri 'tian Faith. Andreas too attended Church; yet more like a par 'ade-duty, for which he in the other world expected pay with arrears,―as, I trust, he has received; but my Mother, with a 'true woman's heart, and fine though uncultivated sense, was ' in the strictest acceptation Religious. How indestructibly the 'Good grows, and propagates itself, even among the weedy entanglements of Evil! The highest whom I knew on Earth I 'here saw bowed down, with awe unspeakable, before a Higher ' in Heaven: such things, especially in infancy, reach inwards to 'the very core of your being; mysteriously does a Holy of Holies 'build itself into visibility in the mysterious deeps; and Reverence, the divinest in man, springs forth undying from its mean envelopment of Fear. Wouldst thou rather be a peasant's son ' that knew, were it never so rudely, there was a God in Heaven ' and in Man; or a duke's son that only knew there were two-andthirty quarters on the family-coach ?'

To which last question we must answer: Beware, O Teufelsdrückh, of spiritual pride!

CHAPTER III.

PEDAGOGY.

HITHERTO We see young Gneschen, in his indivisible case of yellow serge, borne forward mostly on the arms of kind Nature alone; seated, indeed, and much to his mind, in the terrestrial workshop; but (except his soft hazel eyes, which we doubt not already gleamed with a still intelligence) called upon for little voluntary movement there. Hitherto accordingly his aspect is rather generic, that of an incipient Philosopher and Poet in the abstract; perhaps it would puzzle Herr Heuschrecke himself to say wherein the special Doctrine of Clothes is as yet foreshadowed or betokened. For with Gneschen, as with others, the Man may indeed stand pictured in the Boy (at least all the pigments are there); yet only some half of the Man stands in the Child, or young Boy, namely, his Passive endowment, not his Active. The more impatient are we to discover what figure he cuts in this latter capacity; how when, to use his own words, 'he understands the tools a little, and can handle this or that,' he will proceed to handle it.

Here, however, may be the place to state that. in much of our

Philosopher's history, there is something of an almost Hindoo character: nay, perhaps in that so-well-fostered and everyway-excellent Passivity' of his, which, with no free development of the antagonist Activity, distinguished his childhood, we may detect the rudiments of much that, in after-days, and still in these present days, astonishes the world. For the shallow-sighted, Teufelsdröckh is oftenest a man without Activity of any kind, a No-man ; for the deep-sighted, again, a man with Activity almost superabundant, yet so spiritual, close-hidden, enigmatic, that no mortal can foresee its explosions, or even when it has exploded, so much as ascertain its significance. A dangerous, difficult temper for the modern European; above all, disadvantageous in the hero of a Biography! Now as heretofore it will behove the Editor of these pages, were it never so unsuccessfully, to do his endeavour.

Among the earliest tools of any complicacy which a man, especially a man-of-letters, gets to handle, are his Class-books. On this portion of his History, Teufelsdröckh looks down professedly as indifferent. Reading he cannot remember ever to have learned;' so perhaps had it by nature. He says generally: ' Of 'the insignificant portion of my Education, which depended on 'Schools, there need almost no notice be taken. I learned what ' others learn; and kept it stored-by in a corner of my head, seeing as yet no manner of use in it. My Schoolmaster, a downbent, 'brokenhearted, underfoot martyr, as others of that guild are, did 'little for me, except discover that he could do little he, good soul, pronounced me a genius, fit for the learned professions; ' and that I must be sent to the Gymnasium, and one day to the University. Meanwhile, what printed thing soever I could meet ' with I read. My very copper pocket-money I laid-out on stallliterature; which, as it accumulated, I with my own hands sewed ' into volumes. By this means was the young head furnished with a considerable miscellany of things and shadows of things: History in authentic fragments lay mingled with Fabulous chimeras, ' wherein also was reality; and the whole not as dead stuff, but as living pabulum, tolerably nutritive for a mind as yet so peptic.' That the Entepfuhl Schoolmaster judged well, we now know. Indeed, already in the youthful Gneschen, with all his outward stillness, there may have been manifest an inward vivacity that promised much; symptoms of a spirit singularly open, thoughtful, almost poetical. Thus, to say nothing of his Suppers on the Orchard-wall, and other phenomena of that earlier period, have many readers of these pages stumbled, in their twelfth year, on such reflections as the following? 'It struck me much, as I sat by the Kuhbach, one silent noontide, and watched it flowing, gurgling