PLANE AND SOLID EMBRACING NG APPLIED Now ready, price 4s. 6d., crown 8vo. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY FOR SCIENCE CLASSES. By FEARNSIDE HUDSON, F.C.S., F.A.S.L. GOVERNMENT CERTIFICATED SCIENCE TEACHER, MANCHESTER. OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. "This will prove to many young students, who intend to offer themselves for examination by the Science and Art Department, or by the Society of Arts, a very useful little volume. There can be no doubt that any one entering on the study of chemistry at this time will find himself greatly perplexed between the old and the new systems of equivalents and notation. There is a struggle between the old and the new; therefore the task set before the student is rendered more than ever difficult. In this little elementary work, the new system of molecular equivalents and systematic notation has been adopted and explained; the rules are given by which the percentage composition of a compound, by weight and by volume, may be calculated, its formulæ deduced, or its specific gravity determined, as referred to hydrogen as unity. Mr. Hudson, himself a certificated science master, has executed his task with much painstaking care."—Athenæum. "We are disposed to look with much favour on this little book, ... is well adapted for use in science classes."-Chemical News. "Many of the latest improvements in chemistry are mentioned, and, taken as a whole, the work cannot fail to prove most valuable to all students of chemistry.”—Artizan. LONDON: WHITTAKER & Co. MANCHESTER: J. HEYWOOD, DEANSGATE. ASSES. LONDON: WHITTAKER AND CO., AVE MARIA LANE. MANCHESTER: JOHN HEYWOOD. 1868. PLANE AND SOLID GEOMETRY; EMBRACING ALL THE BRANCHES OF GEOMETRICAL DRAWING APPLIED IN THE ARTS AND SCIENCES. ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SCIENCE CLASSES. BY WASHINGTON HUDSON, GOVERNMENT SCIENCE MASTER. LONDON: WHITTAKER AND CO., AVE MARIA LANE. MANCHESTER: JOHN HEYWOOD. 1868. THIS work has been compiled to supply a want long experienced by science teachers and their pupils, and is published at a price within the means of the humblest artisan. By uniting Plane and Solid Geometry with Orthographic, Isometrical, Parallel, and Linear Perspective Projections, in a clear and condensed form, it will prove of great assistance to workmen in their several branches of trade, especially tin-plate and metal workers, pattern makers, fitters, smiths, engineers, carpenters, joiners, masons, and others, surveyors and draughtsmen. With the exception of the terms explained in the definitions, technical and compound words have as far as possible been avoided, in order that the subject may be easily and thoroughly comprehended by persons having no previous knowledge of Geometry. Although there are various methods of working out these problems, the simplest and best that will apply in all cases has been adopted. The work is descriptive and not demonstrative; long experience having proved how few students in our schools and classes have either the preliminary training, time, or application to enter into the theory: they learn rather how to do it, than why it is executed in that particular form. The best examples in each division have been selected, so as neither to limit nor encumber the subject. It is hoped that the description to each, although brief, will be found complete in itself; but in some cases, where incompleteness may be apparent, a reference to other figures mentioned will suffice. A copious description would often tend to make it more confusing. As the great value of Geometry lies in its accuracy, it cannot be too urgently impressed upon the student, that figures should be drawn as large as possible, with neatness and care; for, without these essentials, errors will constantly occur. It is suggested that, where doubt is entertained of the truth of any solution worked out by the student, exaggerated examples should be taken, which will multiply the error, if such exist, and serve as an exercise to impress the method more fully on the mind of the pupil. The work is divided into sections, as follows: PRACTICAL PLANE GEOMETRY. Definitions. Elementary Constructions of Plane Figures. Division and Transformation of Plane Figures. PRACTICAL SOLID GEOMETRY. Orthographic projection of Lines, Planes, and Solids. Penetrations and Intersections of Solids. Conic and other Sections. Envelopes of Solids, with the development of Lines and Points upon their surfaces. Projection of Shadows and Cast Shadows. Isometrical Perspective Projection. Parallel Perspective Projection. Linear Perspective Projection. A 2 |