general admiration, and was by no means satisfied with what he had done. At the end of his life he declared publicly that in founding the Burgdorf institute he had made a mistake. It may be thought that this opinion was not formed till later, and was the result of his many troubles, but, as a matter of fact, as early as 1803 he felt himself out of place at Burgdorf, and, still faithful to the dreams of his youth, longed to leave the institute and devote himself to founding another poor-school. That this was his state of mind is evident from a letter he wrote to his friend Fellenberg, who had asked him to visit him.

Pestalozzi replied in these words:

"A thousand thanks for your warm invitation, but I will not and, indeed, cannot thrust my troubles upon my friends. It is my duty, and it is within my power, to see to my own cure. When I have done so, I shall be able to enjoy the friendship of men; but till I am entirely satisfied with myself no one can soothe my troubled heart. Help me to sell my books, so as to forward the one object of my life, my poorschool. There, in silence and retirement, I shall look for such repose as is to be found behind bolts and bars. Oh, my friend, I can hardly express to you the state of internal discord in which I am living. The means, however, of my deliverance increase daily. Farewell; I am a prey to such melancholy as I have never before experienced, but it will pass away."

Meanwhile the act of mediation which had been signed on the 19th of February, 1803, had re-established Federalism in Switzerland. The unitary Government ceased to exist, and with it vanished all Pestalozzi's hopes of future support. But his work was by this time too well known to be thus easily destroyed. The Governments of Aargau, Lucerne, and Zurich showed a disposition to support the institute, the last-named voting a sum of forty pounds towards the publication of the elementary books. The Swiss Diet, assembled at Freiburg, instructed a Commission to examine what could be done to help on the fulfilment of Pestalozzi's philanthropic views, but we have not been able to discover whether it ever published a report.

The newly constituted Government of canton Berne, how

ever, had resumed possession of the castle of Burgdorf and made it once more the residence of the prefect of the district. Although the Government had little sympathy for Pestalozzi, whom it considered a revolutionary and a friend of unitarism, it had not been able to leave his institute without a home, and had made over to him the use of an old convent at Munchenbuchsee, about three miles from Berne, and near Emmanuel Fellenberg's agricultural and philanthropical establishment at Hofwyl. It was in June, 1804, that Pestalozzi left Burgdorf, and transferred his institute to Munchenbuchsee.

Before following him to this new centre of activity, we must add a few details of his life at Burgdorf, where he spent, as it seems to us, his happiest years.

After the death of his son in 1801, his wife had left Neuhof and rejoined him at Burgdorf. She was low-spirited and in ill-health; and, being unable to bear all the bustle and noise of such a large establishment, hardly ever left her room. She managed the accounts, however, as well as a certain portion of the correspondence, for Pestalozzi was too preoccupied and absent-minded, too busy and too impatient, to be trusted with any work demanding regular and close attention.

Mrs. Pestalozzi's room was next to the large refectory, where Pestalozzi and the masters took their meals with the pupils. From this room, as well as from the balconies and terraces of the Castle, there was a splendid view. At one's feet lay the green valley of the Emme, with its rich and varied cultivation, and far away in the distance were the snowy summits of the Oberland Alps.

At this time a part of the Castle buildings was still used as a prison for the unfortunate criminals of the district. In this connection Ramsauer tells a most characteristic story:

"There was a famous criminal called Bernhard, big and strong as a giant, who had several times escaped from prison, and each time been brought back to the Castle and confined in a still deeper dungeon. On these occasions Pestalozzi would slip a piece of money into his hands, saying: ‘If you had received a good education, and had learned to use your powers for good ends, you would now be a useful

member of society, and instead of being obliged to put you in a hole and chain you up like a dog, people would honour and respect you.' I myself, when I could obtain permission from Pestalozzi and the gaoler, used sometimes to visit Bernhard, and, in spite of his horrible underground cell, I always did so with pleasure, for he was a candid, straightforward, and remarkably intelligent man."

There is another anecdote of this period, which shows with what energy Pestalozzi could overcome sickness and suffering. One day, when he was confined to his bed by a sharp attack of rheumatism, the French ambassador, Reinhardt, came to the Castle to visit the institute. In spite of doctor and friends, Pestalozzi insisted on getting up. As he could scarcely stand, and could only be dressed with extreme difficulty, everybody implored him to go to bed again, pointing out how little fit he was to do what he wanted; but he turned a deaf ear to all their entreaties, and, supported by friendly arms, painfully dragged himself out of his room. As soon as he saw the ambassador, however, he shook himself free, and began eagerly to expound his doctrine. The more he talked, the more he seemed to regain strength and brightness, and when at last he ceased, his rheumatism had disappeared.

At the time of which we are speaking, Fellenberg and Pestalozzi had been friends for twenty years; it will be remembered that portions of their correspondence have already been quoted. Now it happened one day that some of Fellenberg's workmen brought him a poorly dressed man, whom they had found, they said, in the fields, half dead with hunger and fatigue. This man turned out to be no other than Pestalozzi, who, carried away by his passion for minerals, had wandered such a long distance filling his handkerchief and pockets with them, that he had lost his way, and, at last, fallen down dead-tired beside a ditch. It was about the same time, too, that Pestalozzi, dragging wearily along one evening near the gates of Soleure, with his handkerchief full of stones, was arrested by the police as a beggar and suspicious character, and taken before the judge. The

1 Notes on Pestalozzi, Ramsauer and Zahn, vol. i., p. 27. Elberfeld and Meurs, 1846.

judge was out, and the old man had to wait a long time in the ante-chamber with his custodian. Great was the latter's astonishment when the judge, on his return, recognized Pestalozzi, and, after greeting him warmly, invited him to

supper.

Fellenberg was a skilful agriculturist and an excellent administrator. Though a man of noble and lofty views, he was eminently practical, and his activity was always wisely directed. He possessed, indeed, in a marked degree the very qualities which Pestalozzi lacked. He had voluntarily renounced the brilliant career that his birth and talents would assuredly have thrown open to him, in order to devote his fortune and ability to undertakings of public utility.

His establishments at Hofwyl had the double object of forming active, intelligent, and honest workmen amongst the poor, and skilled agriculturists amongst the rich. It was obvious, therefore, that the two friends could be of much assistance to each other in their respective undertakings, and Fellenberg suggested to the old man that they should work together, Fellenberg taking entire control of the financial department, and Pestalozzi, freed from responsibilities for which he had neither taste nor capacity, controlling the combined establishments in all educational matters.

At first Pestalozzi accepted; but he and Fellenberg were made rather to respect each other than to live together. There was as much difference in their characters and ways of thinking and feeling as in their habits and outward appearance. Fellenberg, though at bottom kind and generous, had a stern, masterful manner. Pestalozzi, who used to call him "the man of iron," found the partnership anything but helpful, and could not make up his mind to remain at Munchenbuchsee.

Several towns were anxious to receive him, amongst others Payerne, Yverdun, and Rolle in the canton of Vaud. Thinking that to be established in a French-speaking country would encourage the spread of his method, he chose Yverdun.

"He left Munchenbuchsee, then, on the 18th of October, 1804, after having taken a touching farewell of his masters

and pupils. He arrived at Yverdun without knowing what would become of him, and so entirely destitute of resources, that he had to share a single room with Krusi and Niederer. He was living thus when he received a present of four pounds from the King of Denmark, as a token of gratitude for the hospitality that he had shown to two Danes (Torlitz and Strohm) who had been sent by their Government to Burgdorf to study his method.

"But however pressing his personal needs may have been, his first thought was for his friendless children, whom Fellenberg had been very reluctant to keep. He now sent for them, and placed them with Buss and Barraud, who at that time were laying the foundations of a Pestalozzian institute at Yverdun." (Pompée, p. 141.)

The castle of Yverdun needed thorough repair before an institute could be opened in it. The work, however, proceeded so slowly, that Pestalozzi decided, in the meantime, to open a temporary school in a small set of rooms looking on the Rue du Four, in a house which to-day is No. 51, Rue du Milieu.

Pestalozzi had left behind him at Munchenbuchsee about seventy pupils, with Tobler, de Muralt, Schmidt, von Türck,1 Steiner, and a few under-masters. Tobler, who was perfectly capable in every respect, had been entrusted with the management of all educational matters, but Fellenberg, though he was only supposed to control the finance, soon began to exercise an undue influence in everything.

To show the effect of this influence on the institute we cannot do better than quote the following passage from Ramsauer:

แ At Munchenbuchsee I was unhappy for the first time in my life. I was still table-boy and under-master, but I had nobody to comfort my heart. We missed particularly the love and warmth which pervaded everything at Burgdorf,

1 Von Türck, an Oldenburg magistrate, had been sent by the Grand Duke to Burgdorf. He published a book called Letters from Munchenbuchsee, which was one of the first works to give a clear account of Pestalozzi's method, and one of those that most helped to make it known in Germany. He afterwards opened a boarding-school in Yverdun, the pupils of which attended the day-classes in Pestalozzi's institute.