to a wide extent among domestic animals and often proves as fatal as in man. Inhalation of dried tubercular sputum is followed by infection in the most refractory animals. Animals fed on tubercular matter nearly always become infected. The cat is more frequently affected with spontaneous tuberculosis than is the dog and is more readily rendered tubercular experimentally. Kittens are specially susceptible as are the young of all species including man. Law's Veterinary Medicine (13) comments to the effect that dogs and cats rarely show the disease in their natural condition but contract it readily in inoculation. In both animals the history usually shows the connection of house life and the habit of eating after tubercular people.

The public is alive to the fact that pulmonary tuberculosis is a preventable disease and also one which from its extent it is most desirable to check. Every source of infection is watched as closely by the laity as by the physician, and the disinfection of the sputa containing the organism is faithfully done in an efficient manner. The recognition of the fact that the cat may be as susceptible to infection of pulmonary tuberculosis as man himself ought to be sufficient to keep the cat away from sources of infection and away from children and susceptible adults if the cat develop a persistent cough. In the latter case the cat ought to be restrained from spreading disease through the community. Grout has called attention, also, to the danger of such cats, living on farms, infecting milk in the dairy as they help themselves from the milk containers. The alarming mortality in infancy everywhere demands the exclusion of all possible sources of infection of milk supply.

Smallpox (13). As every one knows, smallpox has a most characteristic eruption, which passes through successive stages. Not only man, but the greater part of the lower animals are subject to it, even insects being said to be susceptible. An instance in which the cat is the mechanical agent in its transmission is as follows: "A case of smallpox developed in a family and it was absolutely certain that there had been no exposure or contact with the outside world, and the contagion was traced to a pet cat. Not a member of the family had been away from home or the farm, and no one had called, white or colored, for two or three weeks, due to the fact that smallpox was in the neighborhood and the family were alarmed, and kept aloof from the outside world holding no communication with it whatsoever. They had a pet cat, which was known to visit a neighbor frequently several miles away, where there was a case of smallpox. This cat was a great pet of the little girl of the family, and the only one who really handled or fondled the animal. In two weeks after the visit of the cat to

the infected district the little girl had developed smallpox (21). A case of Whooping Cough in a cat is reported by Dr. Ryan, of Philadelphia. The cat developed a cough with vomiting. After the cat was killed an examination showed characteristic features of the disease.

Glanders is an infectious disease mainly confined to the horse, but infectious to man. Its mortality is very high. Huidekoper (10) states that it is usually found in cats around knacker's yards, in zoölogical gardens, and veterinary dissecting rooms. While cats are always susceptibe to it, it is contracted by other domestic animals as well. Huidekoper cites a case which came under his observation. After finishing an autopsy on a horse which had glanders, he noticed a cat and kittens eating some of the organs placed one side for demonstration. He ordered the cats all quarantined and in four days all developed glanders and had to be killed.

Anthrax (13) is one of the most fatal and widely spread of diseases with which cattle are affected. When man is infected it is always through infected animals, either directly or indirectly. Osler states that anthrax, both geographically and zoölogically, is the widest spread of all infections.

Billing's "Public Health," states the cat to be more susceptible to anthrax than the dog. Law observed in Genossee a cat licking a stone boat in which anthrax hides had been carried. The cat died afterward of anthrax. Anthrax forms spores, and this fact, with the fact that it clings tenaciously to hair, makes it a more dangerous infection.

Malignant Edema (13) is a much rarer infection, perhaps owing to the fact that exposure to air inhibits its growth. It may attack both man and the lower animals, including the cat. Many cases are fatal within twenty-four to forty-eight hours.

A disease of cattle and other domestic animals is due to the fungus growth actinomyces, or "ray fungus," and should be noted in passing, as cats in common with other animals, have been experimentally inoculated with it. Its common name, "lumpy jaw," refers both to its common seat and clinical appearance. It is variously known as "cancer of the tongue," "osteosarcoma," etc. It occasionally affects man, causing serious and even fatal lesions of the lung and the brain. It may also affect the skin (13).

Parasitic skin diseases are very prevalent among all lower animals. The cat, rat, and mouse seem general hosts, and the dog is often infected by them (6), (13).

Many of the specific organisms of these diseases are well known, and comparatively easy to identify. The agency of the cat, therefore, in their propagation, is easily established.

Numerous cases are on record in which the infected cat has infected man, and some of these instances will be noted in the following review :

Various forms of Tinea, a fungoid growth, are known under the general name of "ringworm." These forms attack the scalp, beard, and sometimes any part of the body.

The most common, perhaps, is that attacking the hair, and in adults, the beard. Its common name is "barber's itch." This form is very prevalent among school children, (3% in common city school, Law) (13), and in asylums. It is easily transferred from person to person by clothing, towels, brushes, etc. It is found commonly, also, on young domestic animals. Auvergne recognized its transmissibility from animal to man in 1835. Fenger identified it in the cat in 1865.

A closely allied form causes the common forms of ringworm seen on the face, hands, and other parts of the body. Leidy, Fenger, Borch, and others have noted contagion from the cat to man. "It is interesting to note that in this case the chain usually extends from affected rats and mice to the paws and face of the cat, and thence to the children who played with it" (Law).

In the British Medical Journal, Vol. 1, 1901, p. 324, an instance is given in which a patch of ringworm on the left cheek of an infant of four weeks, was traced to a similar patch of long standing, on the neck of a cat in the house. Dr. Leslie Roberts has noted the following in the British Medical Journal, Vol. 1, 1903, p. 424. "The cat in question was infected in Egypt. She was brought to England, and twenty days after she was taken to a house in Cheshire where there was a large family of children. A few days later ringworm was noted on the neck of the oldest daughter. Within a month fourteen individuals had been infected, and also a skye terrier and a kitten. Later the infection was conveyed to a school."

A slightly different form, the honeycomb ringworm, produces circular cup-shaped crusts on the affected parts. Children readily acquire it from the infected face and paws of the

cat.

Another variety of ringworm produces lesions clinically identical with that of the common form. Dr. A. D. Mewborn reports two cases in children aged ten and sixteen, respectively, contracted from a cat, and concludes, "In view of the long tedious treatment of ringworm of the scalp, as well as the enforced absence from school, the danger of contracting these diseases should be called to the attention of parents."

All varieties of ringworm are very resistant to treatment. Experiments have shown that dry spores infect buildings for two years, and resist exposure to light for months. The con

tact of any hairy or abraided surface of the human skin with these spores is sufficient to inoculate the person with them.

External Animal Parasites (13). The flea of the dog is also that most common to the cat. It may live on man. The human flea can be conveyed to both cat and dog.

While these insects are to be avoided in themselves, they are still more to be avoided as hosts of bacterial diseases fatal to man. The flea on the plague infected rat has been shown conclusively the host of the plague organism, and by means of the cat, to have infected man (11).

The sand flea, a tropical insect, though living in plants and sand, yet may attack man, as well as cats, dogs and all other domestic animals.

The fecundated female penetrates the skin and lays her eggs, often one hundred or more, under it. This results in inflammation, ulceration, and even death of the parts. It may involve the deeper tissues, and sometimes causes loss of toes in man, and even feet and limbs in animals.

Scabies (6) in one form causes mange in the cat if left to shift for herself. This is contracted by all the domestic animals, and man is not exempt.

The disease is seen oftenest in the fall, when people returning home after vacation, find that their cats-which had been left to shift for themselves through the summer-have become infected with this loathsome parasite. Cats are very susceptible to it, and it spreads often in an epidemic form, if active measures of prevention are not taken. It was first described by Wedelius in 1672. At this time it raged epidemically in Westphalia and elsewhere, and nearly all cats were killed by it. The parasite was first seen by Gohier in 1813, and Hering described it in 1838. The effects on the cat are usually very severe, and while it may last three to six months, it often kills a young cat in a few weeks unless active treatment is given. It is usually limited to the head and neck and often involves the eyes, ears, nose and mouth. Any cat, unless closely guarded, is sure to be exposed to the disease and all cats may easily acquire it.

Internal Animal Parasites (2). The Ameba Coli may be an inhabitant of the large intestines of man and many of the lower animals. Some varieties are harmless. Others are found present in certain forms of dysentery and in many cases of hepatic abscess.

One variety, Ameba Coli felis, is pathogenic to cats, and this form is identical with the tropical form. Quïnke and Roos found that only encysted amœbæ could survive the passage through stomach and duodenum, at least in cats, and it is thought they are acquired through cats.

Of the ciliated forms, the Lamblia intestinealis, found in the

cat as a harmless form, Osler (16) notes as found in the intestine of man. He also further notes that flagellates have been found in cases of pleurisy and gangrene of the lung in man. Other allied forms of which little is known, are found in the cat, and occasionally similar forms are thought to have caused serious intestinal and hepatic disease in man.

Trematodes are soft-bodied leaf-like worms. They are widely distributed, and many forms are known to be causes of disease. Some of these are as follows:

Distoma Hepaticum (13) is the common "Liver Fluke" of the sheep. It, as well as Distoma lanceolatum, is widely distributed among all the domestic animals, and may occasionally cause serious and even fatal disease in man.

Distoma sinense (13), found in Japan, in its mature form, infects the gall bladder of man and the cat, one cat furnishing six hundred specimens. Some provinces of Japan have severe epidemics due to this parasite.

Distoma felineum (16), found by West in cats in Nebraska, is a common human parasite in Siberia.

Distoma Westermanni (13), is a variety which has long been recognized in Japan for its ravages in the lungs of man. Sometimes whole villages are infected to such an extent that they have been quarantined by other villages; even physicians fearing to go to them lest they be infected.

These epidemics are characterized by cough and hemorrhage from the lungs. Many cases at first have been ascribed to tuberculosis. Similar epidemics have occurred in China and other countries, often fifteen to twenty per cent. of the people being infected.

Ward, in 1894, found the organism in the lungs of a domestic cat in Ann Arbor, Mich. Cats are known to suffer with it in Japan. Law observes that it is sure to be brought here by the Chinese and Japanese as well as our own Philippine soldiers. He emphasizes the need of efficient measures of restriction and extermination from the small areas in this country wherever found, since its spread can only be a public calamity. Law further observes, "all cats or dogs having a rusty or bloody sputum should have that examined for the eggs of this parasite, and if found the host and all animals of the same species living near it, together with all susceptible animals in the same place or in the water shed from it, should be secluded and destroyed at public expense and the bodies properly disposed of." (Law, Vol. V, p. 372.)

Of the Cestodes (tape worm), the Bothriocephalis Latus has been found by several observers in the cat. This tape worm is not often found in this country but is quite common in some parts of Europe where its larval form inhabits certain fish.