similar evolu has met with a of the various states were practically impossible. Since tion, it has then, however, any improvements in method, content, occurred in- and administration that have taken place in German, dependently. French, or English schools have speedily been heralded by American educators, and have often proved suggestive. Much, too, may be learned in the United States from the thorough and systematic, though somewhat less elastic, educational organization of Canada, especially Ontario; and in all cases a comparison of the modern system of education in one great nation with that of another should prove broadening and mutually beneficial. SUPPLEMENTARY READING A. GERMANY ARNOLD, M. Higher Schools and Universities in Germany. BOLTON, F. E. The Secondary School System of Germany. BROWN, J. F. The Training of Teachers for Secondary Schools in CLAUSNITZER, L. Geschichte des preussischen Unterrichtsgesetzes KLEMM, L. R. Public Education in Germany and the United States. MÜNCH, W., SCHIELE, F. M., and ZIERTMANN, P. Education in NOHLE, E. History of the German School System (Report of the PARSONS, J. R., JR. Prussian Schools through American Eyes. PAULSEN, F. The German Universities (translated by Thilly and PETERSILIE, A. Das öffentliche Unterrichtswesen im deutschen RAUMER, K. VON. Geschichte der Pädagogik. RUSSELL, J. E. German Higher Schools. SADLER, M. E. The Unrest in Secondary Education in Germany and Elsewhere (Great Britain, Board of Education, Special Reports, IX, 1). SEELEY, L. Common School Systems of Germany. WINCH, W. H. Notes on German Schools. B. FRANCE ARNOLD, M. Special Report on Certain Rights connected with COMPAYRÉ, G. Contemporary Educational Thought in France COMPAYRÉ, G. Education in France (Monroe's Cyclopædia of FARRINGTON, F. E. French Secondary Schools. FARRINGTON, F. E. The Public Primary System of France FRIEDEL, V. H. Problems of Secondary Education in France (School GRÉARD, O. Education et instruction. Enseignement primaire. depuis 1789. HUGHES, R. E. The Making of Citizens. Chaps. V and IX. KIRKMAN, F. B. The Position of Teachers in the State Secondary L L Schools for Boys in France (Great Britain, Board of Educa tion, Special Reports, II, 24). KLEMM, L. R. European Schools. Pp. 317-391. PARSONS, J. R., JR. SALMON, LUCY M. French Schools through American Eyes. Training of Teachers in France (Educational Review, Vol. XX, pp. 383-404). SIMON, J. La reforme de l'enseignement secondaire. SMITH, ANNA T. Report of the United States Commissioner of Education. 1890-91, Vol. I, pp. 95-108; 1893-94, I, 187-201; 1894-95, I, 289-305; 1895-96, I, 635-639; 1896-97, I, 29-56; 1897-98, I, 704-749; 1898-99, I, 1095-1138; 1899-1900, II, 1712-1721; 1900-1901, I, 1082-1103; 1901, I, 1103-1109; 1902, I, 668–698; 1905, I, 76–80; 1906, I, 19–32; 1907, I, 143– 159; 1908, I, 230-238. C. ENGLAND ADAMS, F. History of the Elementary School Contest in England. BOARD OF EDUCATION. Annual Reports. COMMITTEE OF COUNCIL ON EDUCATION. Annual Reports. GREENOUGH, J. C. The Evolution of the Elementary Schools of GREGORY, R. Elementary Education. HOLMAN, H. English National Education. HUGHES, R. E. The Making of Citizens. Chaps. III and XII. MONTMORENCY, J. E. G. DE. tion. National Education and National Life. MORLEY, J. The Struggle for National Education. NATIONAL EDUCATION UNION. Verbatim Report of the Debate in tury. SANDIFORD, P. The Training of Teachers in England and Wales (Teachers College Contributions to Education, No. 32). SHARPLESS, I. English Education in Elementary and Secondary Schools. SMITH, ANNA T. Education in England (Monroe's Cyclopædia of Education, Vol. II). SMITH, ANNA T. The Education Bill of 1906 for England and Wales (U. S. Bureau of Education Bulletin. 1906, No. I). D. CANADA BOARD OF EDUCATION, GREAT BRITAIN. Special Reports on Educational Subjects. Vol. IV, A. CHAVEAU, M. L'instruction publique au Canada. COLEMAN, H. T. J. Public Education in Upper Canada. EWART, J. S. The Manitoba School Question. HODGINS, J. G. Documentary History of Education in Ontario. MILLAR, J. Educational System of the Province of Ontario. MORANT, R. L. History of the Manitoba School System. (Great Britain, Board of Education, Special Reports, I, 23). Ross, G. W. The School System of Ontario. RYERSON, E. Report on a System of Public Elementary Instruction for Upper Canada. SMITH, ANNA T. Education in Canada (Monroe's Cyclopædia of Education, Vol. I). CHAPTER X THE MODERN SCIENTIFIC MOVEMENT The Development of the Natural Sciences in Modern Times. The germ of the modern tendency to introduce the natural sciences into the content of education was apparent as early as Rousseau. The Emile, on its constructive side, may be held to advocate the scientific, as well as the sociological and psychological movements in modern times. Some description has been given in previous chapters of the consequent efforts to improve the ideals, organization, and methods of education in accordance with our modern knowledge of society and the mental development of the individual, and we may now turn to a more specific consideration of the gradual sciences in the expansion of the course of study and of the modern scientific movement. Such a tendency has constituted ply one phase one phase of the remarkable growth of natural science of the growth during the past two centuries. This rapid movement sciences dur- can best be understood by recalling the development of ing the past two centuries. Society and education at the times. Science started to The expan sion of the course of study is sim of natural develop back in the time of Roger Bacon, but even during the Renaissance it was bitterly opposed, because of the tendency to conflict with religious dogma, although this age did not object to the revival of the classics. Accordingly, the latter became strongly intrenched in educational tradition, and became the most obstinate opponent of the sciences. Its numerous representatives |