1851; married, April 22, 1868, to King Umberto I. 2. Prince Tommaso of Savoy, Duke of Genoa, admiral, born February 6, 1854; married, April 14, 1883, to Princess Isabella, daughter of the late Prince Adalbert of Bavaria; offspring, Prince Ferdinando Umberto of Savoy-Genoa, born April 21, 1884; Prince Filiberto of Savoy-Genoa, born March 10, 1895; Princess Maria Bona Margherita of Savoy-Genoa, born August 1, 1896; Prince Adalberto, born March 19, 1898. The origin of the reigning house is not historically established; but mos genealogists trace it to a German Count Berthold, who, in the eleventh century, established himself on the western slope of the Alps, between Mont Blanc and Lake Leman. In the end of the eleventh century the Counte Savoy acquired the countries of Turin and Susa. Count Amadeus, in 1883 founded a law of primogeniture which greatly strengthened the fami leading to the immediate acquisition of the territory of Nice. In 1416 the Counts of Savoy adopted the title of Duke; in 1418 they acquired the Principality of Piedmont; and in 1713 they obtained the island of Sicily with the title of King. Sicily had to be exchanged, in 1720, for the isle of Sardinia, to which henceforth the royal dignity remained attached. Geno and the surrounding territory were added to the Sardinian Crown at the peace of 1815. The direct male line of the House of Savoy died out with King Carlo Felice in 1831, and, the existing Salic law prohibiting the accession & females, the crown fell to Prince Carlo Alberto, of the house of Saver Carignano, a branch founded by Tommaso Francesco, born in 1596, younge son of Duke Carlo Emanuele I. of Savoy. King Carlo Alberto, the first the house of Savoy-Carignano, abdicated the throne March 23, 1849, in favor of his son, the late King Vittorio Emanuele II. By the Peace of Zurich November 10, 1859, King Vittorio Emanuele II. obtained Lombardy, with the exception of Mantua and a part of the surrounding territory. Op March 11, 1860, annexation to Sardinia was voted by plébiscites is Parma, Modena, the Romagna, and Tuscany; on October 21, Sicily and Naples (including Benevento and Pontecorvo, part of the Papal States and on November 4, Marche and Umbria. The first Italian Parliament assembled in February 1861, and declared (March 17, 1861) Vittorio Emanuele King of Italy. The remaining part of the province of Mantua and Venetia were added to his dominions in 1866 (October 21). Finally, the remaining part of the Papal States (province of Rome), having been taken possession of by an Italian army (September 20, 1870), after the retreat of the Freach garrison, was annexed to the Kingdom by plébiscite on October 2. The Dotazione della Corona, or civil list of the King, has been settled st 15,050,000 lire. Out of this the Prince of Naples receives an allowance of 1,000,000 lire; the children of the late Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta receive jointly allowance of 400,000 lire; the cousin of the King, Princ Tommaso, Duke of Genoa, an allowance of 400,000 lire. The greater part of the private domains of the reigning family were given up o the State in 1848. Constitution and Government. The present Constitution of Italy is an expansion of the 'Statuto fondamentale del Regno,' granted on March 4, 1848, by King Charles Albert to his Sardinian subjects. According to this charter, the executive power of the State belongs exclusively to the Sovereign, and is exercised by him through responsible isters; while the legislative authority rests conjointly in the g and Parliament, the latter consisting of two Chambers-an er one, the Senato, and a lower one, called the Camera Deputati.' The Senate is composed of the princes of the al house who are of age, and of an unlimited number of mbers, above forty years old, who are nominated by the King life; a condition of the nomination being that the person uld either fill a high office, or have acquired fame in science, ›rature, or any other pursuit tending to the benefit of the ion, or, finally, should pay taxes to the annual amount of 000 lire, or 1207. In 1897, there were 372 senators. the electoral law of March 28, 1895, electors for deputies to e Lower House are all citizens over twenty-one years of age 10 can read and write and who possess one or other of the llowing qualifications: they must have reached a certain andard in elementary education; or must pay not less than 80 lire in direct (including provincial) taxation; or, if peasant rmers, must pay annually at least 500 lire of rent, or be anagers, with a share in the profits, of farms on which direct ncluding provincial) taxes of not less than 80 lire are aid; or, being occupants of lodgings, shops, &c., in towns, ay an annual rent ranging from 150 lire in communes of 2,500 nhabitants to 400 lire in communes of 150,000 inhabitants. Ton-commissioned officers and men in the army have no vote hile under arms. Members of academies, professors, persons who have served their country under arms for two years, nd numerous other classes, are qualified to vote by their osition. The number of deputies is 508, or 1 to every 57,000 of he population (census 1881). In 1896 the number of enrolled lectors was 2,120,909, exclusive of the electors temporarily lisfranchised on account of military service (39,029 in 1895). At the general election in March 1897, the number of those who voted was 1,241,486, or 58.5 per cent. of those who had the right to vote. For electoral purposes the whole of the Kingdom is divided into 508 electoral colleges or districts, and these again into several sections. No deputy can be returned to Parliament unless he has obtained a number of votes greater than one-sixth of the total number of inscribed electors, and than half the votes given. A deputy must be thirty years old, and have the requisites demanded by the electoral law. Incapable of being elected are all salaried Government officials, as well as all persons ordained for the priesthood and filling clerical charges, or receiving pay from the State. Officers in the army and navy, ministers, under-secretaries of State, and various other classes of functionaries high in office, may be elected, but their number must never be more than forty, not including the ministers and the under-secretaries of State. Neither senators nor deputies receive any salary or other indemnity, bu: are allowed to travel free throughout Italy by rail or steamer. The duration of Parliaments is five years; but the King has the power dissolve the lower House at any time, being bound only to order new elections, and convoke a new meeting within four months. It is incumbent upon the executive to call the Parliament together annually. Each of the Chamber has the right of introducing new bills, the same as the Government; but money bills must originate in the House of Deputies. The ministers have the right to attend the debates of both the upper and the lower House; br they have no vote unless they are members. The sittings of both Chamber are public; and no sitting is valid unless an absolute majority of the member are present. The executive power is exercised, under the King, by a ministry divide. into 11 departments. The ministry, constituted June 29, 1898, is as follows:1. President of the Council and Minister of Interior.-General Lig Pelloux, senator. 2. Minister of Foreign Affairs.-Admiral Felice Napoleone Canerar, senator. 3. Minister of the Treasury.-Pietro Vacchelli, senator. 4. Minister of Finance.-Paolo Carcano, deputy. 5. Minister of Justice and of Ecclesiastical Affairs.-Camillo Finocchia Aprile, deputy. 6. Minister of War.-General Alessandro Asinari di San Marsas, senator. 7. Minister of Marine.—Admiral Giuseppe Palumbo, deputy. 8. Minister of Commerce, Industry, and Agriculture.-Alessandro Fertis, deputy. 9. Minister of Public Instruction.-Professor Guido Baccelli, deputy. 10. Minister of Public Works.-Pietro Lacava, deputy. 11. Minister of Posts and Telegraphs.-Nunzio Nasi, deputy. LOCAL GOVERNMENT. The two principal elective local administrative bodies are the communal councils and the provincial councils. According to the law of February 10, 1889, each commune has a communal council, a municipal council, and a syndic. Both the communal councils and the municipal councils vary accord ing to population, the members of the latter being selected by the forme from among themselves. The syndic is the head of the communal adminis tration, and is a Government official; he is elected by the communal counci from among its own members, by secret vote, in all the chief communes of provinces and districts, and in other communes having more than 10,000 inhabitants. In other communes the syndic is appointed by the King from among the communal councillors. Each province has a provincial counci and a provincial commission, the numbers varying according to population The council elects its president and other officials. The provincial commissier is elected by the council from its own members. It conducts the business of ovince when the latter is not sitting. Both communal and provincial illors are elected for five years, one-fifth being renewed every year. The unal council meets twice and the provincial once a year in ordinary a, though they may be convened for extraordinary purposes. All unal electors are eligible to the council except those having an official uniary interest in the commune. Persons not resident in the province, ving no solid interest in it, or who do not pay taxes on movable property, Il as officials in any way interested in the province, are ineligible to the ncial councils. Electors must be Italian citizens, twenty-one years of ible to read and write, be on the Parliamentary electoral list, or pay a t annual contribution to the commune, of any nature, or comply with ⚫ conditions of a very simple character. a 1895 the number of enrolled administrative electors was 2,814,918, of n 41,984 were temporarily deprived of electoral rights. In the general nunal elections of 1895, 1,762,081 electors voted, or 63 55 per cent. of the number. The number of electors, both political and administrative, has considerably reduced in consequence of the general revision of the lists ccordance with the electoral law of July 11, 1894, Area and Population. I. PROGRESS AND PRESENT CONDITION. The first census of United Italy was taken on December 31, 31, but at that date Venetia, certain districts of the province Mantua, and the present province of Rome had not been nexed, and were excluded from the census. At the censuses of 71 and 1881, the area was, as now, 114,410 square miles. In 61 the area of the Kingdom of Italy was about 96,500 square les. The census of 1861, of 1871, and of 1881 gave the followg results:-December 31, 1861 (excluding the regions annexed, enetia, southern part of Mantua, and the province of Rome), ,777,334; December 31, 1871 (present territory), 26,801,154; ecember 31, 1881 (present territory), 28,459,628. The following figures show the increase of the population of le present territory of the Kingdom of Italy from 1800 onwards, I round numbers :- The Kingdom of Italy is divided into 69 provinces, the names of which, with area (as determined by a recent survey executed by the Italian Government) in English square miles, population in 1881, estimated population, and density per square mile in 1898, are given in the subjoined table, which is classified according to the old compartimenti, not now recognised as legal divisions : Alessandria 1,950 Cuneo Novara Torino 374,060 355,650 729,710 808,009 414-35 231 23 771,427 302-16 286-91 82,677 91,463 174,140 177,166 137-02 Padova 823 201,652 Rovigo 685 109,602 Treviso 196,110 397,762 108,098 217,700 249,496 364-23 960 192,128 183,576 375,704 418,693 436-14 247,340 254,405 501,745 538,923 212-09 178,551 178,157 356,708 391,548 419-22 202,769 191,296 394,065 442,954 372-86 200,461 195,888 396,349 459,933 558-85 # 232,557 224,917 457,474 497,378 117,453 113,354 230,807 128,628 122,482 251,110 987 141,308 137,946 279,254 1,250 135,355 131,951 267,306 274,641 219.71 954 116,668 110,049 226,717 230,022 241.11 715 115,143 110,621 225,764 226,271 316:46 876 123,622 121,337 244,959 252,465 288-20 343-49 259,678 256 60 282,160 389-19 291,938 295.78 Emilia 7,967 1.110,734, 1,072,657 2,183,391 2,314,553 290-52 |