REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE IN THE VARIOUS STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Alabama.-Every candidate for a license to practice medicine in the State of Alabama must pass an examination before the State board of medical examiners or before one of the county boards. County boards examine only graduates in medicine. Alaska.-There are no regulations governing the practice of medicine in Alaska. Arizona.-An examination is required before the board of medical examiners and the candidate must be a graduate of a lawfully organized medical college. Arkansas.-The candidate for a license must be a graduate of a medical school, or must pass an examination before one of the county boards of medical examiners. California.-The candidate must present a diploma from a medical college recognized as reputable by the State medical board. Colorado-The candidate must present a diploma from a medical college recognized as reputable by the State medical board, or must pass an examination before the State medical board, or have practiced medicine continuously for 10 years.1 Connecticut.-The candidate must pass a State medical examination. Delaware.-Candidate must pass a State examination in medicine and in addition must hold a medical diploma and must have studied medicine four years, and have attended a medical college three years, and must have a competent common school education. District of Columbia.-Candidate must pass an examination in medicine and in addition must hold a medical diploma and must have studied medicine four years. Florida.-Candidate must pass an examination before one of the medical examining boards and in addition must hold a diploma of a recognized medical school. Georgia. - Same as in Florida, and candidate must have attended three medical courses of six months each. Idaho. Candidate must be a graduate of a medical school. Illinois.—Candidate must present a diploma of a medical school recognized by the State medical board and must pass an examination, but candidates who are graduates of medical schools in Illinois recognized as in good standing by the State board may be licensed without an examination. Indiana-Candidate must present a diploma of a medical school. If satisfactory to the State medical board (which requires as a condition of graduation attendance upon four courses of study of not less than six months each), a certificate is granted; if the school is not recognized, an examination is required." Indian Territory.-Candidates must pass an examination before the board of medieal examiners in the Cherokee Nation and Choctaw Nation; in the Creek Nation a good moral character and payment of $25 is required. lora.-Every candidate must pass a State examination and in addition must present a diploma of a recognized medical school and must have attended four courses in medicine of not less than twenty-six weeks each. Kansas.-A diploma or certificate from some State or county medical society is sufficient. Practically no requirements. Kentucky.-Candidate must present a diploma of a reputable medical college chartered by the State of Kentucky, or a diploma of some other medical school recognized as reputable by the State medical board (board requires 4 years of study). Louisiana.-Candidate must present a diploma of a recognized medical school and in addition must pass a State examination in medicine. The board requires attendance upon three courses of lectures. Maine.-Candidate must pass a State examination in medicine. Maryland.-Candidate must present a medical diploma (or certificate giving right to practice in some foreign country), and must pass an examination, and must have attended three courses of lectures, and have a competent common school education. Massachusetts.-Same as in Maine. Michigan.-Candidate must pass an examination before the State board. Minnesota.-Candidate must pass a State examination in medicine and must have attended four courses of 26 weeks each at a recognized medical school. Mississippi.-Same as in Maine. Missouri. Candidate must present a medical diploma (of any medical school) or pass an examination. Montana.-Candidate must pass a State examination in medicine and in addition must present a medical diploma and have attended four courses of 6 months each. A new medical act was passed by the legislature of Colorado in 1899, but is said to have been vetoed by the governor. This law went into effect July 1, 1899. The board has announced that after January 1, 1900, it will recognize no college which does not require attendance upon four courses of at least six months each (See Jour. A. M. Asso., July 15, 1899.) Nebraska.-Candidate must present a diploma of a medical school recognized by the State board, and must have attended four courses of 6 months each. Nevada.-Diploma of a medical college is required. New Hampshire.-The candidate must pass a State examination in medicine after graduating from a medical school recognized by the regent and requiring attendance on four courses of at least six months each, and candidate must have a preliminary education equivalent to a full course in a recognized academy or high school. New Jersey-Candidate must pass an examination and must present a diploma of a recognized medical school, and have studied medicine four years and attended three courses of lectures, and must have a competent preliminary education. New Mexico.-Candidate must present a diploma of a medical school recognized by the Territorial board (the board requires four courses in medicine and a preliminary education equivalent to that of a high school). Otherwise an examination will be required. New York.-Candidate must pass an examination in medicine and present a diploma of a recognized medical school (or license to practice in some foreign country), and must have attended four courses of at least six months each and must have the required preliminary attainments. North Carolina.-Candidate must pass a State examination in medicine. North Dakota.-Candidate must pass a State examination and must have attended three medical courses of at least six months each. Ohio.-Candidate must present a diploma of a recognized medical school, and the State medical board will not recognize any school as in good standing unless located in a city of not less than 50,000 population (except in case of State institutions) and unless it requires attendance upon four medical courses of not less than twenty-six weeks each. Oklahoma.-Candidate must present a diploma of a medical school or must pass an examination after having practiced five years. Oregon.-Candidate must pass a State examination in medicine. Pennsylvania.-The candidate must have a preliminary education equivalent to that of a high school course, must have studied medicine four years and have attended not less than three medical courses, and must be a graduate in medicine (or have a license to practice in some foreign country), and must pass an examination. Rhode Island.-The candidate for a license to practice medicine must present a diploma of a medical college recognized by the State board (the board will not recognize any school which has a course of less than four years), or if he does not hold such a diploma he must undergo an examination as to his medical attainments. Sorth Carolina.-The candidate must present a diploma of a medical school and must pass an examination in medicine before the State medical board. South Dakota.-A diploma obtained after attending three courses of at least six months each in a "lawful medical college" will entitle the holder to practice medicine. Tennessee.-A State examination in medicine and as to the candidate's preliminary education will be required in all cases except where the candidate is a graduate of a medical school chartered by the State of Tennessee.1 Texas.-Under the civil code an examination is required; under the criminal code a medical diploma is sufficient. Utah.-A diploma from a medical college in good standing and a State examination are required. Vermont.-A State examination is required after presentation of a medical diploma. Virginia.-A State examination is required and the candidate's general education will be considered. Washington.-A State examination is required. West Virginia.-Same as in Virginia. Wisconsin.-A State examination or a diploma of a medical college requiring attendance for three years of six months each, or after 1904 four years. Wyoming. A diploma of a medical school recognized as in good standing will be required, or if the school is not so recognized an examination will be required.3 Hawaii. The candidate must present a diploma from a recognized medical school and pass a satisfactory examination. Porto Rico.-A diploma of a medical school recognized as in good standing is required. PART I. Page. CHAP. I. History of the German school system.... 3 II. Summer schools in England, Scotland, France, and Switzerland... 83 133 IV. Education in Canada...... 169 V. Systems of public education in Australia, New Zealand, and Tas- 189 VI. Education in central Europe 215 VII. The spread of hygienic knowledge among the people.. 257 XI. History of education in the North Atlantic States, 1830 to 1865... 355 487 XIII. Notes on the history of foreign influence upon education in the United 591 XIV. Status of woman from the educational and industrial standpoint.... 631 673 XVI. Education in France...... 693 XVII. Notes on the history of American text-books on arithmetic 789 XVIII. The teaching of astronomy in the primary and secondary schools and in the university 869 XIX. Digest of laws relating to text-books, their selection and supply............ PART I. CHAPTER I. HISTORY OF THE GERMAN SCHOOL SYSTEM.1 By DR. E. NOHLE, Berlin. CONTENTS.-Introduction. I. First part of the Middle Ages (700–1200 A. D.).—Ecclesiastical influence; convent and cathedral schools. 1. First beginnings. 2. Charlemagne. 3. Noted schools of that period. 4. Method of instruction. 5. Aristocracy and people. II. Second part of the Middle Ages (1200-1500).-Universities and "particular" schools. 1. Court education. 2. Universities; their origin. 3. German universities. 4. The "particular" schools. 5. Latin or classical schools in cities. 6. Schools for learning reading and writing. III. From 1500-1500.-Humanism in the schools of the learned. Establishment of schools for the people. Beginnings of the "Realschule" or modern high school. (a) The sirteenth century.-1. Humanism and its effect. 2. The Reformation. 3. Protestant universities. 4. The later classical schools. 5. The schools of the Jesuits. 6. Protestant public elementary schools. 7. Private schools. 8. Catholic public schools. (b) The recenteenth century.—1. National and modern education. Ratichius, Comenius, and the classical schools. 2. Modern French education; academies for the nobility. 3. Instruction in German; Duke Ernest (the Pious) of Gotha. 4. Private schools. 5. Catholic schools. (c) The eighteenth century.-Evolution of the university. 2. Gymnasia (classical schools) to the middle of the century. 3. The new humanism. 4. German school system; potent influences. 5. Francke and Frederick William I of Prussia. 6. Frederick the Great and his code of school regulations. 7. Other States of Germany. 8. Private schools. 9. Realschulen (modern high schools). This paper is a translation of a concise statement of the history of public and private education in Germany from the earliest records up to the present day. The work does not, like many other histories pay chief attention to theories and plans advanced by reformers, but sketches actual conditions for which documentary evidence is available. It touches upon pedagogical theories and reformatory plans of organization only when it can be proved that they have had perceptible influence upon the development of the system or any of its parts. The work is evenly balanced and noticeably just in its conclusions, hence it was thought proper to render it in English for insertion in this volume. The original appeared in Rein's Encyclopädisches Handbuch der Pädagogik, and found general commendation in the educational press. 3 |